1. Cooperative Molecular Communication for Nanonetwork Liang Hong 1, Wei Chen 1, Feng Liu 2 1 College of Engineering, Tennessee State University, U.S.A. 2 College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn ICUFN 2014Shanghai, China, July 10, 2014 1

2. 2 Outline Introduction Problem Statement and Research Goal Cooperative Communication System Model Proposed Decode-and-Forward Relay Scheme Simulation Results Conclusions Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn

3. Introduction (1) Nanotechnology is enabling the development of devices in a scale ranging from one to a few hundred nanometers. At nanometer scale, a nanomachine is the most basic functional unit to perform simple tasks, such as computing, data storing, sensing or actuation. Communication among nanomachines will expand the capabilities and applications of individual nanomachines in terms of both complexity and range of operation. 3 Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn

4. Molecular communication (MC) is the most promising method for nanoscale communication.  In molecular communication, information is transmitted over an aqueous medium by molecules.  The information can be encoded in release time, concentration or type of molecules. Nanonetwork, a future network paradigm, is formed with the interconnection of nanomachines. Numerous applications of nanonetworks have been proposed in the biomedical, environmental, military, and industrial fields. 4 Introduction (2) Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn

5. 5 Most existing research works only focus on single transmitter and single receiver system. The reliability of communication degrades rapidly when the distance between transmitter and receiver increases. A few research works using multiple-input multiple-output technique, multi-hop communication, and collaborative relay have been reported. However, they are not practical because these methods require either perfect coordination or grouping that will significantly increase system complexity. Problem Statement Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn

6. 6 Propose and evaluate a cooperative molecular communication solution that can improve system communication reliability with low system complexity and is easy to implement. Research Goal Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn

7. 7 Information Molecule format = Sender address + information + receiver address Single-hop Molecular Communications Unguided Diffusion Communication Corresponding to conventional wireless communication Guided Diffusion Communication Corresponding to conventional wired communication Cooperative Communication System Model Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn

8. Impact of transmitter-receiver distance on the number of received information molecules (without using relay molecular) N3Sim: a simulation framework for the general case of diffusion-based molecular communication 8 Impact of Transmitter-Receiver Distance Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn

9. Cooperative Molecular Communication at Physical Layer Similar to any other communication system, modulation is an indispensable process in the transmitter. The demodulation is the corresponding reverse process to the modulation process in the receiver Concentration shift keying (CSK), where different concentrations of signaling molecules are used by the transmitter to represent different transmission symbols. is used at physical layer in this research due to less inter-symbol interference, less average amount of released molecules per message, and less complexity of transmitter and receiver nano-machine. 9 Proposed Decode-and-Forward Relay Scheme Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn

10. Cooperative Molecular Communication at Link Layer and Network Layer 10 Information representation: double complement DNA strands bound together by Watson-Crick Complementarity Nano Network Modeling: n nano-machines/nodes each node has an address represented by a double strand DNA molecule. nodes a and b have a link if a can diffuse the molecular information to b and vice versa.

11. 11 Molecular Operations: 1.Cutting – cut a double stranded DNA sequences \into two single (partially single) DNA sequences by some special enzyme. 2.Linking/binding – Two partially singled and complementary DNA sequences can be linked together by some special enzyme.

12. 12 Molecular address and routing table: Suppose there are k destinations, D1, D2, …, Dk, in the network, and node i can relay the information via its neighbors j1, j2, …, jk, respectively. The routing table at node i has k items as follows:

13. 13 Build the routing table for each node Step 1: For each node i, prepare n addresses for each pair of node i and node j (1≤j≤ n). Step 2: Broadcast/diffuse addresses pairs of i and j for all j. Step 3: For each node i, when i receives an address sequence, it will link with it to form a longer address sequence. Repeat Step 3 enough times so that i can receive the address from any reachable node in the network. Step 4: Discard any address sequence longer than n. Repeat the following Steps until no address list left: Step 5-A: Select the shortest address sequence L. Suppose that it is formed by the addresses of i, j1, j2, …, jk. Step 5-B1: Cut address i and its neighbor j1 from L and make enough copies of them. Then cut j2, make double copies of j2. If j2 has not been the destination yet, make a routing item for destination j2 by binding operation. Step 5-B2: If j3 has not been destination yet, make a routing item for j3. Step 5-Bk: If jk has not been destination yet, make a routing item for jk.

14. 14 Data relay protocol Node i relays a piece of information to destination d via nodes n1, n2,…, nk. 1.Node i binds the information with a routing item. 2.Node i broadcasts/diffuses the information with the routing item. When the information arrives at i’s neighbors, the routing item will be attached by n2’s address. It implies that in next step only node n1 continue the relay and transmits the information to destination d via neighbor n2. 3.Step 2 will be repeated by n1, n2, …, nk. Finally, the information is relayed to destination d.

15. 15 Cooperative data relay protocol In the cooperative data relay protocol, multiple nodes i1, i2, …, ik will collaborate to relay information via same node j. In this case, the routing tables of nodes i1, i2, …, ik, have the same relaying item for node j. With cooperative data transmission, the number of received information molecules could be increased to k times through the diversity gain. Therefore the system’s noise resistance performance can be improved.

16. Simulation Settings 16 Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn

17. 17 System performance improvement with cooperative technique (repeating): Simulation Results Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn

18. 18 Conclusions Propose and evaluate a novel cooperative molecular communication solution to improve system communication reliability. Signals are repeated by the nanomachines located between the transmitter and receiver. There is no need of grouping and coordination. Therefore, the system has low complexity and is easy to implement. Simulation results show that the bit error rate is much lower than that of the non-cooperative scheme. Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn

19. 19 Acknowledgement This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61271283), the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (15YZ113), and the Science & Technology Program of Shanghai Maritime University (20120107). Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn

20. 20 Thank you! Questions? Cooperative molecular communication for nanonetwork Presenter: Dr. Feng Liu liufeng@shmtu.edu.cn