1. RFID Regulations

2. INSERT GRAPHIC SQUARE HERE Radio communication legislation: Why? Need to ensure reliable radio communication –Interference will always cause problems –Governments legislate how spectrum is to be used –Variations around the globe, with drive for harmonisation –Surprisingly dynamic nature Both licensed and licence free bands –RFID traditionally uses licence-free bands –Shared with other users (mostly low power communications)

3. INSERT GRAPHIC SQUARE HERE Radio communication legislation: What? Who can use which frequencies –Public, military, commercial What the frequencies can be used for –Voice, video, telemetry, radio control How the spectrum is to be used –How long it can be used for –How it’s shared with others –What modulation schemes/air interfaces are possible –Power levels allowed

4. INSERT GRAPHIC SQUARE HERE UHF Band legislations Not fully harmonized worldwide Huge progress has been made in last three years –Europe (46 countries) adopted one band for UHF –Japan & Korea released a band for UHF –Singapore approved new regulations in November 2004 –India and China are making progress A key UHF functionality: –Tags optimised for a certain frequency will be readable across the whole 860 to 960 MHz range with very little loss of performance –For example, tags programmed at 915 MHz in the US will read at 866 MHz in Europe or 950 MHz in Japan

5. INSERT GRAPHIC SQUARE HERE Electromagnetic spectrum Electric Waves Radio Waves Infra-redVisible Light Ultra- Violet X-RaysGamma Rays Cosmic Rays 9kHz30kHz300kHz3000kHz30MHz300MHz3000MHz30GHz300GHz3000GHz VLFLFMFHFVHFUHFSHFEHFNot designated Long Wave Medium Wave Short Wave VLFVery Low Frequency VHFVery High Frequency LFLow Frequency UHFUltra High Frequency MFMedium Frequency SHFSuper High Frequency HFHigh Frequency EHFExtremely High Frequency Radio Spectrum 125-134 kHz13,56 Mhz 860-960 MHz 2,45 and 5,8 GHz The “RFID” Frequencies UHF

6. INSERT GRAPHIC SQUARE HERE Map of the ITU regions

7. INSERT GRAPHIC SQUARE HERE ITU Region 1 (EU and Africa) CEPT countries –869.4 - 869.65 MHz : 500mW erp : DC<10% –865.6 - 867.6 MHz : 2W erp (new standard) South Africa –869.4 - 869.65 MHz : 500mW erp (proposed) –915.2 - 915.4 MHz : 8 W eirp Notes: EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power ERP = Effective Radiated Power 2W ERP is equivalent to 3.2W EIRP

8. INSERT GRAPHIC SQUARE HERE ITU Region 2 (Americas) USA, Canada and Mexico 902 - 928 MHz : 4W eirp FHSS, 500kHz wide channels permitted – relaxed emission requirements within the whole band. Central & South America Generally similar to North America but varies from country to country.

9. INSERT GRAPHIC SQUARE HERE ITU Region 3 (Asia) Australia –918 - 926 MHz : 1W eirp, FCC emission regs. Insufficient power New Zealand –864 - 868 MHz : 4W eirp Japan –950 - 956 MHz : Provisional test allocation South Korea –910-914 MHz: Provisional allocation, to be confirmed soon India –UHF allocation being discussed with government. China –Good progress recently; Testing in progress Singapore (as of 2 November 2004) –866 – 869 MHz: 0.5 W erp; 923 – 925: 2W erp (licence required above 0.5W erp)