1. Bacteria and Viruses!

2. Vocabulary—Yes!! 1.Prokaryote 2.Bacilli 3.Cocci 4.Spirilla 5.Streptococci 6.Staphlococci 7.Gram negative Bacteria 8.Gram positive bacteria 9.Capsule 10.Pili 11.Pathology 12.Exotoxins 13.Endotoxins 14.Antibiotic resistance 15.Zoonosis 16.Virus 17.Capsid 18.Retrovirus 19.Bacteriophages 20.Lytic cycle 21.Lysogenic cycle 22.Vector 23.Inactivated virus 24.Attenuated virus

3. Prokaryotes—Quick Review! Prokaryotes are single celled organisms that do NOT have a membrane bound nucleus. Prokaryotes are the most numerous organisms on Earth and live almost everywhere Most prokaryotes are BACTERIA Some are ARCHAEA-mostly ancient organisms that live in extreme environments

4. Classifying Bacteria Bacteria are identified by 3 characteristics: 3 shapes: rod, spherical, spiral Shapes Thick walls, thin walls Cell Walls No movement, flagella, lash/snake/spiral forward, glide on secreted material Movement

5. Bacteria—3 Basic Shapes Bacilli Cocci Spirilla Rod-ShapedSphere ShapedSpiral Shaped

6. Gram Stain Bacteria can be classified into 2 categories based on the structure of their cell walls using GRAM STAIN. GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA take up the red of the gram stain process, turning reddish pink under a microscope GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA take up the purple dye and look purple under a microscope.

7. Bacteria—Structure and Function Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm DNA, floating Capsule—outer covering made of polysaccharides Pili—short, hair-like proteins on the surface of the bacteria, helps bacteria attach to surfaces and cells Flagella-tail like feature to allow movement towards food or away from danger

9. Bacteria and Health (note: many bacteria are good for us!) PATHOLOGY is the scientific study of disease EXOTOXINS are toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment (tetanus) ENDOTOXINS are toxic substances that are part of the outer membrane of bacteria and are not released until the cell dies (E.Coli) ANTIBIOTICS are chemicals that inhibit the growth or kill bacteria ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE is the evolution of populations of bacteria to resist (and not die) antibiotics.

10. Importance of Bacteria! Bacteria are VITAL to the living world Some are producers Some are decomposers Others have human uses (cleaning up oil, medicines, human health )

11. INTERRUPTION—You’ve been exposed…

12. Bacteria l Disease s

14. Lyme Disease

15. Staph Infection

16. Flesh Eating Diseas e

17. Bacteria in Review: Crash Course!

18. POGIL

19. Warning! Bacterial Infection is Spreading… Do You Have It?????

20. Honors Culturing Bacteria Lab—Day 1 P.480-481 Read Part A and Part B Decide what 3 places you think will have lots of bacteria Set up your petri dish Make a hypothesis Collect Bacteria Place Petri dishes in designated locations

21. Culturing Bacteria Lab—1 week later Lab Write Up: 1) Question (Which location will have the most bacteria present?) 2) Hypothesis 3) Materials List 4) Procedure 5) Data—Draw out your petri dish 6) Discussion/Results/Conclusions—answer questions 1-8 on page 481 “Analysis and Conclusions” (you do not need to write the question, but re-state the question in your answer)

22. Presentation of Data Your group will create a poster to illustrate your findings Posters must include: Locations of your swabs Your hypothesis Results (in writing and with an illustration of your petri dish) Conclusions Discussion of measures to be taken to improve situation Recommendations for further experiments Groups will walk around and view the other posters and peer grade

23. Viruses! A VIRUS is a nonliving particle made up or nucleic acid and a protein coat and cause disease. Viruses are VERY small Viruses are NOT living because: They lack cytoplasm They lack organelles No metabolism or homeostasis Can only reproduce while in a host cell

24. VIRAL REPLICATION Outside the host cell, a virus is a lifeless particle with no control over its movements It is spread by air, in water, in food, or body fluids A virus recognizes a host cell and then attaches to it and the infection begins Once in a host cell the viruses DNA can make mRNA or the viruses RNA serves as mRNA and they begin to replicate more viruses

25. Viral Infection Once a virus is inside a host cell 2 different processes may occur— Lytic Infection or Lysogenic Infection

26. Lytic Infection Virus enters the cell, makes copies of itself, causes the cell to burst. When the cell bursts all of the copies are released and can infect other cells

27. Lysogenic Infection Virus enters host cell, integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, and the viral DNA replicates along with the host cell DNA. The Viral DNA can remain in the cell for generations Eventually the viral DNA leaves and becomes a lytic infection

28. How a Virus Works Video Clip

29. Viral Diseases Since viruses are lifeless they must be spread by other agents…humans, animals, insects, etc. Common Viral Diseases: Chicken pox, shingles, viral hepatitis, HIV, SARS, Avian Flu, West Nile, Influenza, Ebola

30. Chicken Pox and Shingles

32. Virus Treatment Vaccinations and Vector Control A VACCINE is a solution that contains a harmless version of the virus (inactive or weakened).VACCINE VECTOR CONTROL is a the control of animal vectors such as mosquito and rabies control Drugs/Medications do not work well on viruses because it is hard to find something that can block the virus but not harm the host cell.

33. Vaccinations—good or bad?? Complete your 4 post-its while/after watching the video clip. Clarify What words or ideas were confusing? Or maybe you didn’t know them? Content Summarize the content in the video Connections Make at least 2 connections from the video to something you have learned in biology or something in your life Conclusions Does the information in the video change your thinking about vaccines? What is your opinion about vaccines?

34. Comparing Bacteria and Viruses Comparing Bacteria and Viruses #2 Watch the clips Create a t-chart to list characteristics of both bacteria and viruses After the video clips, add to the t-chart Write an 8 sentence or longer paragraph to compare and contrast bacteria and viruses.

35. Measles and DisneyLand—A Case Study

36. Review Honors—Study Guide Regular—Review worksheet, Study Guide (may be used on exam)