1. Bronchitis in children. Acute upper respiratory tract infections Prof. Pavlyshyn H.A., MD, PhD

2. Why it’s important to know? Respiratory illnesses are common in children under 5 years of age. Most children will develop three to eight colds or respiratory illnesses a year. This number may even be higher in children who attend day care or are exposed to tobacco smoke. Most cases are mild, but about one-third of all hospitalizations in this age group are due to respiratory problems, including asthma and pneumonia.

3. Anatomical characteristics of respiratory system The upper respiratory tract The lower respiratory tract

4. Acute upper respiratory tract infections Upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is a nonspecific term used to describe acute infections involving the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

5. Rhinitis is a nonspecific term that covers infections, allergies, and other disorders whose common feature is the location of their symptoms. In rhinitis, the mucous membranes become infected or irritated, producing a discharge, congestion, and swelling of the tissues.

6. Forms of rhinitis rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, RSV Coxsackie's viruses. allergic rhinitis (hay fever) nonallergic rhinitis (common cold) pollen dust mites mold animal dander

7. Clinical manifestations: –fever, –rhinorrhea, –sore throat, –cough –similar cases in the family

8. Complications: »acute otitis media, »pharyngitis, »sinusitis, »conjunctivitis, »pneumonia, »adenitis.

9. Treatment (Symptomatic) : fever antipyretics nasal obstruction decongestants rhinorrhea antihistamines saline nasal drops/solution

10. Prevention Chemoprophylaxis or immunoprophylaxis is generally not available for the common cold. Immunization or chemoprophylaxis against influenza may be useful for prevention of colds caused by this pathogen; however, influenza is responsible for only a small proportion of all colds. Vitamin C and echinacea do not prevent the common cold. Interrupting the chain involved in the spread of virus by direct contact may prevent colds. In the hospital setting, prevention of transmission of respiratory viruses has been achieved by personnel wearing protective face shields to prevent hand-to-eye or hand-to-nose contact. Prevention of the spread of viruses by direct contact can be most readily accomplished by good hand washing by the infected individual and/or the susceptible contact.

11. Sore Throat - any of various inflammations of the tonsils, pharynx, or larynx characterized by pain in swallowing. Pharyngitis predominantly inflammation of the oropharynx, but not the tonsils.

12. Pharyngitis

13. Tonsillitis Tonsillitis when the tonsils are particularly affected.

14. Tonsillitis

15. Laryngitis few signs of infection visible but the patient complains of soreness lower down the throat often with a hoarse voice.

16. Causes Viral (70-80%) Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (20-30%)

17. Symptoms Sore throat Pain on swallowing Fever Headache Malaise Hoarseness if laryngeal involvement

18. Objective Signs Redness of the pharynx and tonsils Presence of exudate Note! Streptococcal sore throat is impossible to diagnose on clinical grounds alone.

19. Objective Signs Redness of the pharynx and tonsils

20. Objective Signs Enlarged tonsils

21. Objective Signs Swollen tender neck glands.

22. Management Sore throat (pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis) is usually a self-limiting illness symptomatic treatment antibiotic.

23. Acute Bronchitis Bronchitis is an acute inflammation of the air passages within the lungs.

24. Bronchitis Causes Several viruses ( including influenza A and B) bacteria ( Mycoplasma pneumoniae) inhalation of irritating fumes or dust, chemical solvents and smoke, weakened immune systems

25. Prevention

26. Symptoms Cough with expectoration Mild breathlessness Fatigue / Body pain Symptoms which can precede or follow : »Sore throat, »Sinusitis headache »Wheeze

27. COMPLICATIONS chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, bronchiecstasis

28. Chronic bronchitis

29. Pneumonia

30. Bronchial asthma

31. bronchiecstasis

32. Non-medication remedies for acute bronchitis include: drinking lots of fluids - this makes mucus easier to get rid of using a cool or warm moist-air humidifier to help thin the mucus blocking the air passages

33. MANAGEMENT Antibiotics are normally only prescribed if a bacterium is the cause. If a virus is the problem, the infection will generally go away by itself. Children should never take ASA* (acetylsalicylic acid) for a viral infection of the respiratory tract. Control the cough expectorants, bronchodilators ( help open up the airways). Control the fever symptoms antipyretics