1. Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory An emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that, in turn, produces an emotion Emotions come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

2. James-Lange Theory I see a bear  My muscles tense, my heart races  I feel afraid

3. Theories of Emotion Cannon-Bard Theory An emotional feeling and an internal physiological response occur at the same time I see a bear  I feel afraid  I tense in readiness to run away. One is not the cause of the other Both the result of a cognitive appraisal of the situation

5. Theories of Emotion Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both 1. Physical arousal 2. Emotion provoking stimulus

6. Testing the Two Factor Theory Dutton and Aron (1974) Dutton and Aron had an attractive woman conduct interviews with young men both on a swaying rope bridge, 200 ft above a river, and also on steady bridge only 10 feet high. Part way through the discussion, she gave them her phone number in case they wanted the results.

7. Results Over 60% from the rope bridge called her back, versus 30% from the firm ground group. They had interpreted their arousal from fear on the bridge as attraction to the woman and we calling seeking a date, not the results of the interview.

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Emotion fear Cognitive interpretation “I feel afraid!” Physiological arousal trembling increased heart rate James- Lange Theory Cannon- Bard Theory Two- Factor Theory Stimulus snake Stimulus Emotion fear Physiological arousal trembling increased heart rate Emotion fear

9. Theories of Emotion Cognitive Appraisal Theory Theory that individuals decide on an appropriate emotion following the event In the absence of physiological arousal, we decide what to feel after interpreting or explaining what has just happened.

10. Example Cognitive Appraisal Theory When a colleague gets promoted, you might feel resentful if you think you deserve the promotion more than they do.

11. After reading the remarks from a teacher on a paper... …you decide if they are positive or not

12. Opponent-Process Theory Theory that emotions have pairs When we trigger one emotion, we suppress its opposite

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Two Emotion Processing Systems in the Brain 1. Fast Response System 2. Slow Response System

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Arousal Theory and the Inverted “U” Inverted “U” Function Describes the relationship between arousal and performance

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Inverted “U” Function Too much or too little arousal can impair performance The most advantageous level for tasks needs to be identified Performance LowHigh Low High Arousal Level

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Arousal Theory People seek an optimal level of arousal that maximizes their performance.

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sensation Seekers Individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Extreme Sport Bloopers