1. India After Independence

2. Dominated Indian Politics for most of the time since independence
INDIAN NATIONAL
CONGRESS
Led India to Independence
Becomes the
CONGRESS PARTY
Dominated Indian Politics for most of the time since independence

3. Jawaharlal Nehru Ally of Gandhi 1st Prime Minister of India
Industrialization
“Green Revolution”
Introduces socialism
Nonalignment Movement
Nehru met Gandhi in 1916 at the annual Indian National Congress convention.
He participated in the nonviolent civil disobedience campaign and spent time in jail along with Gandhi.
At independence, Nehru became the nation’s first prime minister and was continually reelected until his death in 1964.
Nehru pushed modernization of the country, and industrialization of its economy.

4. Non-Alignment Movement

5. India’s “Green Revolution”
Introducing higher- yielding varieties of seeds in 1965.
Increased use of fertilizers & irrigation.
GOAL - make India self-sufficient in food grains.
India has had a "mixed economy" in which both private business and government invest in and direct the economy. Today, India has been moving away from state ownership and subsidies to business.
India's government has established five-year plans to set economic goals.
The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s made great headway, but faltered due to most farmers' lack of money to buy hybrid seeds, fertilizers, and equipment. Imports still needed.

6. Indira Gandhi Nehru’s daughter Prime Minister of India, 1966-1984.
Population control
Bangladesh
Ruled through state of emergency (censorship, rid opposition parties)
Assassinated 1984 by Sikh Guards
Indira Gandhi was Nehru’s daughter. She married a man named Gandhi who was no relation to the Mahatma.
Indira continued industrialization, begun by her father.
In 1975 Gandhi was convicted on two counts of corruption in the 1971 campaign. While appealing the decision, she declared a state of emergency, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers. Governing by decree, she imposed total press censorship and implemented a policy of large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated.
Although very popular at the polls, she faced a great challenge in dealing with nationalist movements among minority groups, especially the Sikhs in Punjab state.
The Sikhs sought independence of Punjab, and when they used terrorism, Indira struck back.
The Golden Temple -- an extremely holy Sikh shrine at Amritsar was being used by the terrorists as a weapons storehouse and a sanctuary.
Indira ordered a military raid on the temple in which hundreds of Sikhs were brutally killed. In the process, the temple was badly damaged.
In retaliation, just a few months later on October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards.

7. The Conflict with Sikhs
Indira Gandhi was Nehru’s daughter. She married a man named Gandhi who was no relation to the Mahatma.
Indira continued industrialization, begun by her father.
In 1975 Gandhi was convicted on two counts of corruption in the 1971 campaign. While appealing the decision, she declared a state of emergency, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers. Governing by decree, she imposed total press censorship and implemented a policy of large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated.
Although very popular at the polls, she faced a great challenge in dealing with nationalist movements among minority groups, especially the Sikhs in Punjab state.
The Sikhs sought independence of Punjab, and when they used terrorism, Indira struck back.
The Golden Temple -- an extremely holy Sikh shrine at Amritsar was being used by the terrorists as a weapons storehouse and a sanctuary.
Indira ordered a military raid on the temple in which hundreds of Sikhs were brutally killed. In the process, the temple was badly damaged.
In retaliation, just a few months later on October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards.

8. Military Tradition and Conflict
Developed strong military tradition because of constant attack
Separatist movement
Punjab region (Sikh majority)
Feel they don’t receive large enough share of govt. resources
Amritsar (Golden Temple) 1984 – govt. ordered attack on Sikh protestors (Indira Gandhi)
BACK

9. Rajiv Gandhi: End of a dynasty?
Indira’s son
Congress Party
Encouraged foreign investment
Sent Indian troops into Sri Lanka to impose peace (disastrous)
Assassinated by female Tamil Tiger
Wife, Sonia, leads Congress Party today

10. Civil War in Sri Lanka Tamils – Hindu minority living in Sri Lanka
80s – separatists fought Sri Lankan govt. for own state
Rajiv Gandhi – sent in peacekeeping troops; ended in war between Indian troops and Tamils
BACK

11. Manmohan Singh Statesman, good record
India’s first Sikh Prime Minister
Statesman, good record
May 2004

12. India Today Globalization – technology hub, outsourcing
Economy
Globalization – technology hub, outsourcing
Large skilled workforce; Widespread rural poverty/illiteracy
¼ of econ. Dependent on agriculture
World’s largest film industry
Society
Overpopulation –
Hindu/Muslim tension
Caste bias - discrimination
against untouchables continues
Politics
tension with Pakistan
(Kashmir, nukes)
The population of India is just over 1 billion people. It is believed that India’s population will surpass that of China by No success with family planning, birth control/abortion. Necessity of large families in agrarian subsistence lifestyle.
India's economy is uneven at best: many Indians lead a subsistence lifestyle, while a sizeable middle class and a small upper class live in the cities.
The situation in Kashmir is quite dangerous. Ongoing hostilities continue, and both sides continue a low-level crossfire across the border of this divided region. Three wars have been fought over Kashmir: 1948, 1965, and The 1972 partition did not settle the issue.
Because both sides, India and Pakistan, have nuclear weapons, some fear that the potential for large-scale war could lead to the use of these nuclear weapons. In the summer of 2002, India and Pakistan came within a hair’s breadth of war.

14. India v. Pakistan:
dangerous rivals

15. The Conflict’s Colonial Roots
1947 – both I & P claim princely state of Jammu/Kashmir
Majority Muslim state; ruled by line of Hindu princes
India said it was secular
War - UN negotiated cease fire in ‘48
Kashmir Slideshow- Steve Coll

16. The Mumbai Attack
Pakistani terrorist group backing the country’s claim to Kashmir
Reignited India-Pakistan dispute over the region
November Gunmen targeted at least seven sites in Mumbai, killing at least 101 people and injuring 300.

17. Is THIS a possibility??

19. Honor Killings
Crimes against women committed by family, clan or community members, in protection of reputation
“The Interior Ministry disclosed in the National Assembly on Thursday that during the last three years of Musharraf regime, over 4,000 women were murdered all over Pakistan, including 1,019 in the name of honour.”

20. Will Terrorism in Pakistan provide the “spark”?