1. 1 1 Abnormal Psychology Canadian Edition Gerald C. Davison John M. Neale Kirk R. Blankstein Gordon L. Flett Gerald C. Davison John M. Neale Kirk R. Blankstein Gordon L. Flett Prepared by Richard A. Davis PowerPoint Presentations to Accompany Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.

2. 2 2 chapter 12 Substance-Related Disorders Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.

3. 3 Substance Dependence Symptoms of substance dependence –Tolerance –Withdrawal –Person uses more of the substance or uses it for a longer time than intended –Person recognizes excessive use of the substance –Much of the person’s time is spent trying to obtain substance or recover from its effects –Substance use continues despite problems –Person gives up or cuts back participating in many activities because of substance

4. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.4 Substance Dependence Symptoms of substance abuse –Failure to fulfill major obligations –Exposure to physical dangers –Legal problems –Persistent social or interpersonal problems

5. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.5 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Alcoholism Delirium tremens (DTs) Polydrug abuse Prevalence of alcohol abuse Course of the disorder Costs of alcohol abuse and dependence Short-term effects of alcohol Long-term effects of prolonged alcohol abuse –Fetal alcohol syndrome

6. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.6 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Prevalence and health consequences of smoking –Approximately 27% of Canadians (6 million) smoke –Rates of smoking have been increasing among teenagers since 1991 –Prevalence remains high among Native Americans, blue-collar workers, and less educated –Prevalence has declined less among women than among men Consequences of second-hand smoke

7. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.7 Marijuana –Cannabis sativa Hashish Effects of marijuana –Psychological effects –Somatic effects –Therapeutic effects

8. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.8 Sedatives Opiates –Morphine, heroin –Psychological and physiological effects Synthetic sedatives –Barbiturates, benzodiazepines (Valium)

9. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.9 Stimulants Amphetamines –Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Methedrine –Cause the release of norepinephrine and dopamine –Blocks re-uptake Cocaine –Blocks re-uptake of dopamine –Increases sexual desire and produces feelings of self- confidence, well-being, and indefatigability Caffeine

10. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.10 LSD and Other Hallucinogens LSD –d-lysergic acid diethylamide –Produces hallucinations Mescaline –Peyote Psilocybin Ecstasy –MDA –MDMA

11. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.11 LSD and Other Hallucinogens Effects of hallucinogens –Synesthesias –Subjective time altered –“Bad trip” –Flashbacks

12. Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.

13. 13 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Socio-cultural variables Psychological variables –Mood alteration –Beliefs about prevalence and risks –Personality and drug use Biological variables –Conditioning theory of tolerance –Feed-forward mechanisms

14. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.14 Therapy for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Admitting the problem Traditional hospital treatment –Detoxification Biological treatment –Antabuse Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Couples and family therapy

15. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.15 Therapy for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Cognitive and behavioural treatments –Aversion therapy Covert sensitization –Contingency management and the community- reinforcement approach –Moderation in drinking Controlled drinking Harm reduction therapy

16. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.16 Therapy for the Use of Illicit Drugs Biological treatments –Heroin substitutes Chemically similar to heroin Methadone –Heroin antagonists Prevent user from experiencing heroin high –Clonadine Psychological treatments

17. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.17 Treatment of Cigarette Smoking Biological treatments –Nicotine replacement –Gum, patches, inhaler Psychological treatments Relapse prevention

18. Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.18 Prevention of Substance Abuse Peer-pressure resistance training Correction of normative expectations Inoculation against media messages Information about parental and other adult influences Peer leadership Affective education, self-image enhancement Other components

19. 19 End of chapter 12 Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by CANCOPY (Canadian Reprography Collective) is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his / her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.