1. Use with Export Practice & Management Fifth Edition by Alan Branch ISBN 1–84480–081–4 © 2006 Alan Branch Chapter 4 Characteristics of international transport modes

2. Use with Export Practice & Management Fifth Edition by Alan Branch ISBN 1–84480–081–4 © 2006 Alan Branch Topics covered in this chapter include: Containerization Container distribution Container types Container bases Non-containerizable cargo Inland clearance depots Dry ports Sea transport

3. Use with Export Practice & Management Fifth Edition by Alan Branch ISBN 1–84480–081–4 © 2006 Alan Branch Pipelines Palletization Seaports Sea/air concept

4. Use with Export Practice & Management Fifth Edition by Alan Branch ISBN 1–84480–081–4 © 2006 Alan Branch Containerization One cannot stress too strongly the need to comprehend fully the main elements of containerization with particular focus on trade development in a logistic driven environment. An annual growth of up to 5% with intrinsic benefits to consumer and industrial shippers. A new generation of vessels is emerging with the shipper driving change and expansion. Study the leading twenty container operators Table 4.1 and terminals Table 4.2. Comprehend the twenty three features of containers.

5. Use with Export Practice & Management Fifth Edition by Alan Branch ISBN 1–84480–081–4 © 2006 Alan Branch Container distribution Efficient containerized cargo shipments is essential to develop trade. Note the growth in high cube reefers. Keep up to date in measures to develop efficient container distribution through the hub and spoke network.

6. Use with Export Practice & Management Fifth Edition by Alan Branch ISBN 1–84480–081–4 © 2006 Alan Branch Container types The range and continuous improvement in container types is a major contribution to the popularity of containerized cargo distribution. Note particularly the individual container types and their suitability for particular cargoes. It is important the shipper chooses the correct container type to maximise the benefits. Study figure 4.1 of container types.

7. Use with Export Practice & Management Fifth Edition by Alan Branch ISBN 1–84480–081–4 © 2006 Alan Branch Container bases Comprehend fully the services provided at the container base for the shipper and benefits offered to the exporter/importer. It remains an important part of integrated international transport system. Non containerizable cargo Note the four non containerizable categories and their suitability for individual cargoes.

8. Use with Export Practice & Management Fifth Edition by Alan Branch ISBN 1–84480–081–4 © 2006 Alan Branch Inland clearance depots An increasing number of inland clearance depots are being built globally. Essential you understand their role and the benefits to the shipper. Dry ports The inland situated dry port is usually road or rail served. Study the range of facilities available. Sea transport Study the six factors contributing to the growth of sea transport. Also the 14 key various types of ships and related cargoes. Note the difference between the liner and tramp trader.

9. Use with Export Practice & Management Fifth Edition by Alan Branch ISBN 1–84480–081–4 © 2006 Alan Branch Pipelines Pipeline distribution is primarily linked to oil/gas distribution from the oil field. Note 8% of distribution in the USA is by pipeline involving a wide range of bulk commodities. Palletization A form of cargo unitization and closely aligned to containerized distribution. Shippers are urged to become familiar with the benefits of palletized shipments.

10. Use with Export Practice & Management Fifth Edition by Alan Branch ISBN 1–84480–081–4 © 2006 Alan Branch Seaports Study the range of seaports examined and their differing features. Note particularly the ports of Rotterdam, Singapore, Klang, Thames Port, Colombo, and Dubai. Visit their websites. Sea/air concept A growing development of combined transport usually involving major sea/air ports. Study Table 3.3, page 61.

11. Use with Export Practice & Management Fifth Edition by Alan Branch ISBN 1–84480–081–4 © 2006 Alan Branch Key concepts Ensure you fully understand the following: Containerization – focus on the role/benefits of containerization in a global distribution. Container distribution – key elements in distribution strategy. Container types – the specification and cargo suitability of each container type. Container bases – the role of a container base. Non–containerizable cargo – understand the range and handling techniques of noncontainerizable cargo.

12. Use with Export Practice & Management Fifth Edition by Alan Branch ISBN 1–84480–081–4 © 2006 Alan Branch Inland clearance depot – understand their role especially to develop trade. Dry ports – comprehend their role and benefits to development a country’s region trade. Sea transport – understand the role of maritime trade development and range of ship types and their cargoes. Pipelines – focus on their role as a distribution unit. Palletization – the benefits accruing to the shippers. Seaports – their role in the facilitation of trade especially transhipment and logistics. Sea/air concept – latest development.