1. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref WORKPACKAGE 4 Collection & Transport O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis, K. Fischer

2. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Collection & Transport 40 –70% of the waste disposal costs Efficient collection and transport system must consider : Size of the waste collection area Economic structure Consumption habits Building area specifications Demands of the users Choice of a suitable collection system

3. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Collection system Collection method Container systems Waste vehicles Staff Diverse structures in the collection area often require several collection systems Transport system Direct regional transport Transfer station Transport out of the region Related to the situation combination of different transport systems may be necessary

4. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Decisions to take What to collect Collection system Transport system

5. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Waste fractions Paper Glass Light fraction Metals Bio-waste Green waste WEEE Hazardous waste. Important pre-condition for the decision: Waste quantities Waste composition Development of waste quantities during the last decade Decision influences: Costs Environmental aspects National law EC regulations (packaging, landfill, WEEE directives) Market aspects What should be collected separately?

6. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref How should the waste be collected? Bring system Central collection points Civic amenity sites Kerbside system

7. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Decision for bring or kerbside collection

8. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Central collection points: Collectable amounts according to the system

9. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Civic amenity site: The amounts collected highly depend on the location central easy to reach clean

10. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref PaperGlass Amount collected [kg/c*a] Degree of collection [%] Amount collected [kg/c*a] Degree of collection [%] Mono-bin Average of 11 cities Stuttgart 2000 40-60 68 97 67-10015-3538-90 Multi-fraction-bin30-5050-8312-3031-77 Bag5-258-425-2013-51 Kerbside collection paper/ glass: Paper potential 1992: 60kg/c*aGlass potential 1992: 39 kg/c*a

11. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Kerbside collection bio-waste [kg/c*a] Bag30-60 Bin90-100 Inner-city65-70 Housing areas minimum 3 floors 55-65 1-2 family houses140-180 Low density housing areas115-175 Rural areas85-95

12. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref What method should be used Containers to be emptied: Normally used for household waste and similar to household waste collection Containers to be changed: Mostly used for industrial/commercial waste One way bags: Often used for textiles and light weight fraction Collection not using bins/bags Suitable for bulky waste collection

13. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref What kind of containers are suitable Decision criteria for container systems: Economy (different container sizes, number of loaders, efficiency) Physical strains of the workers Hygiene Building area aspects Users concerns (fees, comfort, space)

14. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Dustbins 35 l to 110 l no wheels high physical strains need much time for collection Large refuse containers 60 l to 5000 l wheeled easy to move (safety standard for workers) standardized for automatic or hydraulic lifter systems large containers to be lifted automatically by the driver or by the help of loaders Kerbside collection Bring systems Containers from about 800 to 4000 litres, normally emptied into trucks with special loading equipment

15. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Systems for separate collection Integrated systems : separated waste and residual waste are collected at the same time with different bins or two - chamber bins in a two - or multi - chamber waste truck Alternating systems: separated waste and residual waste are collected alternating Additive systems: separated waste is collected additional to the residual waste minimum truck traffic high invest costs (trucks) economically sound collection reduced truck traffic no special trucks needed reduced flexibility for collection frequency high truck traffic high collection costs many fractions can be collected separately high collection flexibility

16. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Kind and number of containers needed Decisions already taken: what to collect kerbside and/ or bring system collection method Additive, alternating or integrated system  to collect one or several fractions in one bin Decisions to take  to use two- (multi-) chambered bins  to use several mono bins  obligatory or voluntary collection for the different fractions Container volume required

17. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref To calculate the required container volume needs: Probable amount to be collected per capita and year (bring/ kerbside) Number of people connected (obligatory/ voluntary collection) Volume weights of the fractions to be collected per bin

18. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Stuttgart container volume provided needed Residual waste:42 litres/c*w25 litres/c*w Bio-waste: 7 litres/c*w4.5 litres/c*w Paper:17 litres/c*w14 litres/c*w Volume weight of different fractions and containers in Stuttgart

19. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Central collection points Calculation of the volume needed per year

20. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Containers needed for collection 1 container size but different collection intervals different container sizes according to different building areas (1 family houses to high rise buildings) Decisions to take: collection frequency container sizes

21. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Collection vehicles Collection vehicles: Chassis + driver cabin Body with waste storage chamber and compaction aggregate Lifter system Chassis: 2 or 3 axles chassis collection area (inner-city, suburbs) amount to be collected within one tour kind of waste collected (loading capacity) must be combined according to the specific requirements

22. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Compaction principles: very good crushing and compaction of the waste not suitable for waste that is collected to be recycled Packer body with pressing platesRotary drum very good waste compaction suitable for all kinds of waste

23. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref lifter systems for 2 containers until 240 litres lifters for two smaller and one large container lifters for all container sizes lifters for two-chamber containers and vehicles From 80 - 5,000 litres2 container until 360 or 1 container of 1100 liters Lifter systems lifter pick-ups comb diamond swivel-arm Two chamber container lifter

24. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Loader systems The loader systems can be combined with the various chassis, compaction and lifter systems Rear loader Side loader Front loader

25. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Side loader particularly for suburb areas safe and quick loading right wheeled driver watches the emptying pressing during driving driver is loader (1 worker only needed) containers can also be emptied without leaving the driver cabin reduced accident risks

26. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Front loader especially for large containers safe and quick loading driver watches the emptying pressing during driving driver is loader (1 worker only needed) containers can also be emptied without leaving the driver cabin reduced accident risks The “Fast Eater”

27. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Comparison between a rear and side loader Both vehicles made the same tour emptying 80, 120 and 240 litres bins Invest costs. Rear loader: 260,000 DM Side loader: 340,000 DM Assurance, maintenance, diesel, the same for both Costs per minute: Rear loader: 1.02 DM/minute Side loader: 1.17 DM/minute

28. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Rear loaderSide loader Staff 1 driver 1 loader 1 driver Time for container emptying 55 min60 min Cost/vehicle56.1 DM70.2 DM Staff costs66 DM36 DM Total122.10106,20 Result

29. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Comparison between a rear and front loader Emptying of 5 m³ containers Invest costs. Rear loader: 260,000 DM Front loader: 300,000 DM Assurance, maintenance, diesel, the same for both Costs per minute: Rear loader: 1.02 DM/minute Front loader: 1.09 DM/minute Emptying time: Rear loader: 4.36 minutes Front loader: 1.56 minutes

30. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Result Rear loader Front loader Staff 1 driver 1 loader 1 driver Time for container emptying 4.36 minutes 1.56 minutes Cost/vehicle4.96 DM 2.10 DM Staff costs5.52 DM2.76 DM1.16 DM Total10.21 DM7.45 DM3.26 DM

31. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Vehicle body: 2 principle systems Fixed body: Chassis and body are fixed Demountable container system: chassis and body can be separated separation of collection and transportation the full demountable container is deposited at a transfer point, an empty container is picked up thus waste collection vehicles can return immediately and continue on their collection route

32. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Collection service Full serviceLoaders take the bins out of the properties for collection and bring the emptied bins back Especially in inner-city areas and for large bins Cost intensive as more loaders or more time are needed No full serviceInhabitants take their bins to the street and bring the emptied bins back

33. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Stuttgart Several valleys Some hills From 207-550 m About 45% of the city require increased efforts for waste collection

34. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Area [km²] Inhabitants Inner-city48 185,841 Suburbs160 365,615 Total208 551,456 Population

35. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Waste collection in Stuttgart Responsible departments of Stuttgart authority: Department of waste (1 st step of going private) Environmental department(sewage sludge, landfill planning) Park and cemetery department(green waste composting)

36. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Regulations: Packaging Ordinance (1991): Packaging manufacturers and distributors must take back their packages for recycling Companies from the packaging and consumer goods industry founded the DSD system Financed by licensing the trademark “the green dot” to fillers, packers, importers For each packaging the consumer pays a small amount

37. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Act for Promoting Closed Substance Cycle Waste Management and Ensuring Environmentally Compatible Waste Disposal must firstly be avoided especially by reducing its amount and noxiousness must secondly be subjected to substance recycling or used to obtain energy Waste,

38. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref What Stuttgart collects separately GlassPaperLight fraction (packaging) Bio-waste Residual waste Green waste Hazardous waste Textiles WEEE For DSD system Collection association of 6 firms Collected by the authority 1 firm3 firms Responsibilities of waste collection Charity organisations

39. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Paperevery 3 weeks obligatory LWFevery 3 weeksobligatory Residual wasteweekly or obligatory every 2 weeks (biowaste) Bio-wasteweeklyvoluntary Green wastetwice a yearvoluntary Bulky wastetwice a yearvoluntary WEEEtwice a yearvoluntary Textilesvery oftenvoluntary Glasscontainervoluntary Hazardous wastespecial vehiclevoluntary Textilescontainervoluntary Bring system Kerbside

40. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Development of waste quantities 199019952000 Separately collected 57,11877,47486,240 Residual waste 291,741192,056161,844 Total348,859269,530248,084

41. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Paper collection: obligatory Amount collected separately: 1995:46,350 tons/a82 kg/c*a 2000:56,545 tons/a97 kg/c*a Collection system:until 1990 bring since 1990 kerbside Collection frequency:every 3 weeks Service:full service Containers: 120 litres: 39,218 240 litres: 39,408 1100 litres: 14,962

42. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Staff: 1 driver/ 3 loaders for containers <360 litres 1 driver/ 2 loaders for containers >360 litres 17 drivers and 38 loaders daily Containers emptied per loader*day: containers <360 litres 218 containers/loader*d containers >360 litres 94 containers/loader*d Transport distance to the recycling plant: 7 km (3 times per day) Daily km to drive per collection vehicle: 66 km Tons collected per collection vehicle and day: 14 tons

43. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Costs for paper collection and transport: Containers 41 DM/ton Loaders:121 DM/ton Vehicle: 33 DM/ton Total:195 DM/ton 19.1 % of the paper collected is packaging paper DSD pays the collection costs for the packaging paper

44. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Biowaste collection: voluntary Amount collected separately: 1995: 590 tons/a(testing phase) 2000:14,975 tons/a102 kg/per inhabitant connected connected people: 146,838 Collection system:kerbside Collection frequency:weekly Service:no full service Containers: 80 litres: 9,290 120 litres: 11,170 240 litres: 2,528

45. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Staff: 1 driver/ 1 loader 11 drivers and 11 loaders daily Containers emptied per loader*day: containers <360 litres 250 containers/loader*d Transport distance to composting plant: 40 km (demountable excel system) Daily km to drive per collection vehicle: 72 km Tons collected per collection vehicle*day: 9 tons Costs for bio-waste collection and transport: Containers: 19 DM/ton Driver: 19 DM/ton Loaders: 30 DM/ton Vehicle: 19 DM/ton Total: 87 DM/ton

46. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Light weight fraction: obligatory Amount collected separately: 1995:7,724 tons/a13.7 kg/c*a 2000:6,800 tons/a12.3 kg/c*a Collection in yellow bags (90 l volume, transparent) Collection frequency:every 3 weeks Service:no full service Responsibility is not with Stuttgart authority  3 firms of the collection association collect in different city districts Bags collected per vehicle/d: 2,687 bags/vehicle*d (Average of 40 cities with the same collection system) Staff:1 driver 2 loaders

47. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Amount collected separately: 1995:14,816 tons/a26 kg/c*a 2000:15,901 tons/a27 kg/c*a Collection system: bring Responsibility is not with the Stuttgart authority 1 firm of the collection association collects in all city districts Glass separately collected: voluntary Container volume provided: 671 m³ green glass 661 m³ white glass 523 m³ brown glass Container quantity: 1030 containers: total 282 containers: 2.6 m³ 748 containers: 1.5 m³

48. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Collection system:kerbside Collection frequency:twice a year (spring/autumn) (private households): Green waste total: 27,535 tons [47 kg/c*a] From the city (parks, zoo, cemeteries): ca. 12,000 tons (1995) From private households: 15,535 tons Green waste separately collected: voluntary

49. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Hazardous waste sep. collected: voluntary Schadstoffmobil: 155 tons/a  0.3 kg/c*a (batteries, waste paint, solvents…) Collection system: bring Collection frequency: 4-6 times/year Costs for collection and transport: Driver: 850 DM/ton Chemist: 2,285 DM/ton Vehicle: 1,422 DM/ton Total: 5,295 DM/ton

50. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Textiles and shoes by charity organisations (Red Cross, Johanniter,….) Bring systems and kerbside systems (minimum every month) No collection quantities available Textiles separately collected: voluntary

51. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Residual waste collection: obligatory Amount collected: 1995:192,056 tons/a340 kg/c*a 2000:131,289 tons/a 238 kg/c*a Collection system:kerbside Collection frequency:once a week (without bio-bin) every two weeks (with bio-bin) Service:full service Containers: 80 litres: 10,997 120 litres: 51,690 240 litres: 26,778 1100 litres: 9,555 Staff: 1 driver/ 3 loaders for containers <360 litres 1 driver/ 2 loaders for containers >360 litres 1 driver/ 2 loaders for mixed collection 34 drivers and 75 loaders daily

52. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Containers emptied per loader*day: containers <360 litres 220 containers/loader*d containers >360 litres 78 containers/loader*d Mixed collection 165 containers/loader*d Transport distance to the incineration plant: 10 km (3 times per day) Daily km to drive per collection vehicle:98 km Tons collected per collection vehicle and day:17 tons Costs for residual waste collection and transport: Containers: 15 DM/ton Driver: 52 DM/ton Loaders: 99 DM/ton Vehicle: 34 DM/ton Total:200 DM/ton

53. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Collection system:kerbside 3 bulky waste fractions are collected separately (year 2000): Combustible bulky waste20,411 tons 37.0 kg/c*a Electrical/ electronic equipment 2,595 tons 4.7 kg/c*a Refrigerators/freezers 544 tons 1.0 kg/c*a Collection frequency:twice a year Bulky waste collection: voluntary Transport distance to the incineration plant:10 km (3 times/day) Daily km to drive per collection vehicle:57 km Tons collected per collection vehicle and day:15 tons

54. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Staff: 1 driver/ 3 loaders for combustible bulky waste 1 driver/ 3 loaders for electrical/ electronic equipment 1 driver/ 2 loaders for freezers 9 drivers and 28 loaders daily Costs for bulky waste collection and transport Refrigerators/freezers 525 DM/ton Electrical/ electronic equipment 246 DM/ton Combustible bulky waste Driver 32 DM/ton Loader 86 DM/ton Vehicle 26 DM/ton Total144 DM/ton

55. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Collection vehicles Daily use: 53 collection vehicles (paper, bio-waste, residual waste + 10 collection vehicles for bulky waste In reserve: 22 collection vehicles Residual waste Bio-wastePaperBulky waste Packer body (-17 m³) 1658 Rotary drum1239 Demountable82

56. WP4 AWAST Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref Level 1: total system collection & transport of waste (CT) system boundary "AWAST" other waste relevant pro- cesses (OWP) private house- hold (PHH) trade, industry, business, service (TIBS) (recycling) products imported waste residues emissions CT resources CT untreated waste exported waste pretreated waste treated waste waste to treatment emissions TW neighbouring region (NR) treatment of waste (TW) transport of treated waste (T) landfill (L) neighbouring region (NR) other regions supplies TW resources TW emissions T resources T emissions L resources L environment (ENV) environment (ENV) environment (ENV) environment (ENV) environment (ENV) environment (ENV) environment (ENV) environment (ENV) trade, industry, buseiness, service (TIBS) trade, industry, business, service (TIBS) supplies CT supplies L trade, industry, business, service (TIBS) supplies T trade, industry, buseiness, service (TIBS) trade, industry, business, service (TIBS) Residual waste (?) Bulky waste (SCB) Values: Biowaste (SCS) Paper and cardboard (SCS) Metal scrap (SCB) Hazardous waste (?) Values: Glass (SCS)/Rhenus private firm Packaging (SCS)/DSD TBS - same fractions as PHH Industrial waste Industrial waste,values/firms?? Green waste and christmas trees (COO) Road waste (COR) Sewage sludge (TSS)/ office for waste water Responsibility: city of Stuttgart Responsibility: others Fuel, oil, etc Residual waste (TI)/neighbours waste PHH waste TIBS waste OWP ?? Exhaust gas, etc City/ others City/ others Not in Stuttgart Not in Stuttgart City/ others Part of Fuel, oil, etc ??/others Fuel, oil, etc/ others Exhaust gas, etc/ others ??/others Part of Exhaust gas, etc ??/others slag City/ others Ashes, salt Money, material etc Exhaust gas, leachate etc City/ others biowaste Hazardous waste City/ others Green waste composting, incineration of sludge Sorting of packaging, Incineration Industrial waste Residues, mineral waste/neighbours others