1. Chapter 5 of AP chemistry
The gas laws
Chapter 5 of AP chemistry

2. Gasses We are surrounded by gasses.
We would die if we were released into space where there is no gas pressure
Because much of early chemistry involved observations of gas behavior, there are many different units of pressure

3. Early measurements of pressure
Pressure was first measured with a meter long tube filled with mercury.
This was the first barometer.
I’ll explain how it works.

5. Units of pressure
The standard unit of pressure here in the States is the atmosphere (atm)
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
760 torr
101,325 Pa (Pascal)
14.7 PSI (pound per square inch)
bar

6. Boyle’s law
Boyle found that the pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional.
This makes perfect sense. If you crush a plastic bottle with the top on, what happens to the pressure in the bottle?
Let’s look at the graph.

8. The equation
P*V=K
This law states that the product of pressure and volume will be a constant value
This leads to a more useful equation
P1V1=K=P2V2 OR
P1V1=P2V2

9. Charles’s law
Jacques Charles determined that the temperature and the volume of a gas had a directly proportional relationship.
Again this makes sense. When you heat up a gas the particles move faster and they expand their container (if they can).
We’ll look at a graph.

11. Absolute Zero
Charles did his work in the late 1700’s, well before modern refrigeration.
He did note that all his separate gasses shared a common x-intercept on the graph
That x-intercept represented the temperature at which all substances would occupy zero volume, absolute zero.

12. Absolute Zero °C

13. Kelvins
Whenever temperature is present in gas law calculations it should be expressed in Kelvins.
°C + 273= K
IMPORTANT: When your temperature increases from 25 °C to 50 °C it DID NOT double!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

14. 25 °C to 50 °C
25 °C = = 298 K
50 °C = = 323 K
298 K to 323 K is not a doubling of temperature.
NEVER EVER use °C in gas law problems unless you’re looking up vapor pressure or something else on a chart.

15. The equation The useful equation from Charles’s law is:
This equation can be combined with Boyle’s law to form the combined gas law

16. The combined gas law So far we have two equations:
These two can be combined to form the combined gas law

17. Example problems
A helium-filled balloon has a volume of 50.0 L at 25 °C and 1.08 atm. What volume will it have at atm and 10.0 °C?
A hydrogen-filled zeppelin used on bombing missions in WW I had a volume of 4550 m3 at 25 °C and 1.00 atm. What volume will it have if it flies into a low pressure zone with a pressure of 0.95 atm and 20.0 °C?

18. Example problems
A 500 mL water bottle filled with air at 25 °C is at a pressure of atm. What pressure would result if the volume is reduced to 300 mL and the temperature is raised to 37 °C?
A balloon filled with nitrogen gas is placed in a freezer at 0 °C, and 1 atm. The balloon has a volume of 255 mL in the freezer. Once it is removed from the freezer it is placed in warm water where it warms to the temperature of the water and it expands to a volume of 400 mL, and as a result, the pressure on the balloon is also increased to 2.5 atm? What is the final temperature of the balloon? What’s wrong with this problem?

19. Avogadro’s law
Avagadro found that for a gas at constant temperature and pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas.
This is written as
Where V is volume and n is the number of moles, and K is a constant.

20. Ramifications
It may seem strange but all gasses occupy the same volume if they are under the same pressure and temperature.
UF6 has a molar mass of over 300 g/mol yet a mole of it occupies the same volume as a mole of H2 which has a molar mass of just over 2 g/mol. We’ll get into how later.

21. Example
Suppose we have a 12.2-L sample containing 0.50 mol oxygen gas (O2) at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 25 °C. If all this O2 were converted to ozone (O3) at the same temperature and pressure, what would be the volume of the ozone?

22. Solution Given: V1= 12.2 L, 0.5 mol O2 Want: V2 Need: Mol O3 Will use:
1) Write the equation
2) Determine moles of O3 produced
3) Solve Avogadro’s law

23. Example problem
If 1 mole of water vapor occupies 30.0 liters at a given pressure and temperature, what volume would be occupied by a mole of water if it were decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen gas?
What are you Given? What do you want? What do you need? What will you use?

24. The ideal gas law PV=nRT… Do you remember me???
We’ll look at the laws that we’ve studied so far:
R is the gas constant

25. PV=nRT
This is the catch all gas law. This law incorporates all the other gas laws into one nice neat equation.
This law should be applies when mass, or number of moles of gas is mentioned.
As always, there are easy problems and there are hard problems
PS We’re always going to put pressure in atm from now on.

26. Easy problems
A 5.00 mole sample of argon is put in a steel tank with a volume of 100. L. Once the gas fills the container the temperature is found to be 25 ºC. If the container is opened, would air from the outside world be sucked in or pushed out?
How many moles would be sucked in or pushed out?

27. Easy problems
Givens:
n = 5.00 mole
V = 100. L
T = 25 ºC
R =
P = ???
If the P < 1 atm, are is sucked in, if P > then argon is pushed out.

28. Plug and chug
Givens:
n = 5.00 mole
V = 100. L
T = 25 ºC298K
R =
P = ???
When the container argon will be pushed out of the container so as to equalize the pressure.

29. A little harder problem
How much argon will be pushed out?
Let’s think about this. What will happen to the pressure in the tank once the tank is opened to the outside world?
It will equalize with the pressure outside the tank.
How will it accomplish this?
It will release some of the gas (moles)

30. Set up P2= 1.00 atm V2= 100. L T2 = 298K R = 0.08206 n2 = ???
A lot of stuff cancels.

31. Plug and chug You started with 5.00 mol and ended with 4.10 mol.
You she 0.90 mol of argon. You can convert that to grams if you’re asked to

32. Alternatively
You could also simply apply the ideal gas law to the new container
Givens:
P=1.00atm
V=100. L
T=298 K R=
n=???

33.   Gas Stoichiometry  
What can we now calculate using the ideal gas law?
Now we can do stoichiometry
MOLES!!!

34. Sample problem
Two chambers are mixed. The first occupies a volume of 25.0 L and contains ethane gas (C2H6) under 2.00 atm of pressure and a temperature of 20.0 ºC.
The second chamber is three times as large as the first and contains oxygen at STP (standard temperature and pressure, 0 ºC, and 1 atm [know this]).
The gases are mixed, a spark is lit, the whole thing explodes in a massive combustion reaction, but the container is undamaged. The container is cooled to 0 ºC. What is the pressure in the container?
Write and balance the equation, find moles of each reactant, determine the limiting reagent and calculate the moles of CO2 produced. You have T, V, and n. Solve for P

35. A note on chemical reactions
Decomposition of carbonates
The carbonate ion (CO32-) forms ionic bonds with many metals.
When these metals are heated the carbonate ion breaks down into the metal oxide and carbon dioxied gas.
Here’s the example of copper (II) carbonate

36. We’ll work a problem
A carbonate has an unknown metal cation. You find that upon thermal decomposition of g of the carbonate L of carbon dioxide can be collected at STP.
What mass of metal oxide would be left behind?

37. First convert L of CO2 to moles
Next find the mass of CO2 and subtract it from the original mass of the carbonate. Done!

38. Let’s make it harder
As you will soon see in lab, a metal oxide can be liberated from its oxygen by heat in an atmosphere of hydrogen or methane gas.
If upon liberation of the oxygen in a hydrogen atmosphere 8.244g of water are produced. If I tell you that the oxygen and the metal exist in a 1:1 ratio, what metal do you have?

39. First you must find the mass of oxygen lost
First you must find the mass of oxygen lost. For that you need moles of oxygen.
You now know the mass of the oxide and the mass of oxygen. So you can solve for the mass of the metal.
37.24g(mass of MO) -7.32g (mass of oxygen)
Mass of metal in oxide =29.92g

40. The end at last
If you know the mass of the metal and you know that the metal and oxygen exist in a 1:1 ratio in the oxide you have all you need.
We know that the metal and water will be produced in equal molar quantities. Thus we know the mass and the mole of metal. So we solve for the molar mass.

41. Molar mass of a gas
If you know the density of a gas you can find its molar mass.
Recall D=mass/V
Also recall PV=nRt
Forget not MM=mass/n
See pg 205 for more

42. This is a useful trick
A gas is found to have a density of 2.68 g/L at a temperature of 27 ºC under 1.50 atm of pressure. What’s its molar mass?

43. Dalton’s law of partial pressures
This law states that the total pressure is equal to the sum of all its parts. This may seem obvious but, it is very useful.
The equation is below:

44. More Dalton
We’ll look at a former student’s work.
He did a good job.

45. Those are basic problems
The problems get harder. Here you go.
Aluminum will react with hydrochloric acid to produce aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas. If the reaction takes place at a temperature is 20.0 ºC and a pressure is 752 torr, what mass of aluminum would be required to produce L of gas if collected by water dispacement.
Vapor pressure of water at 20.0 ºC is torr.

46. Step 2: Find partial pressure of H2
Step 1: Stoichiometry
Step 2: Find partial pressure of H2
PT=PH2O+PH2
Look up PH2O at 20.0 it’s torr
750.0 torr torr= torr

47. PV=nRT We now have: Now we solve for v P=732.46 torr 0.9638 atm
n=2.780 mol H2 R=
T= 20.0 ºC
Now we solve for v