1. CH 17
BLOOD

2. The Functions of Blood
(1) Transport medium that picks up food and oxygen
(2) Picks up wastes for delivery to excretory organs
(3) Transports hormones, enzymes, buffers, and other biochemical substances

3. Called plasma and composed of water, proteins, and solutes.
Fluid Portion= 55%
Called plasma and composed of water, proteins, and solutes.
Formed elements= 45%
Red blood cells (RBC) aka erythrocytes
White blood cells (WBC) aka leukocytes
Platelets aka thrombocytes

4. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
No nucleus
Primary component is hemoglobin which gives the red color and accounts for one third of cell volume

5. Function of RBCs
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide depends on the hemoglobin

6. Formation of Red Blood Cells
Called Erythropoiesis.
Every minute you create 200 BILLION to replace an equal number destroyed at that brief time!
Formation begins in bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells
Animation:
Negative Feedback:
-If oxygen levels decrease (like at high altitude), kidneys release hormone erythropoietin, and this stimulates RBC production in red bone marrow.

7. Red Blood Cell Destruction
Life span of RBCs is about 105 to 120 days. As they age, they break apart in the capillaries
Macrophage cells phagocytose the cells, releasing amino acids, iron, and bilirubin
ANIMATION:

8. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Classified by presence or absence of granules
Granulocytes - have large granules
Agranulocytes – do not have cytoplasmic granules

9. Granulocytes
Neutrophils – small and numerous granules and 65% of total WBC count
Eosinophils – large numberous granules, 2%-5% of WBCs
Basophils – large but sparse granules that only .5% to 1% of WBCs

10. Agranulocytes Lymphocytes – smallest of leukocytes, 25% for WBCs
Monocytes – largest of leukocytes

11. Formation of WBC Granulocytes originate in bone marrow.
Agranulocytes originate in lymphatic tissue

12. Platelets
Small, pale bodies that appear as irregular spindles or oval disks
Physical properties include agglutination, adhesiveness, and aggregation

13. Function and Formation of Platelets
Play important role in hemostasis (stoppage of blood flow) and blood clotting
Form platelet plugs to stop flow of blood into tissues when damage occurs
Platelets formed in bone marrow, lungs, and spleen by fragmentation of large cells called megakaryocytes.
Life span of 7 days

14. ABO Blood Groups U.S. Blood-type Distribution
O+ 38 percent of population
A+ 34 percent of population
B+ 9 percent of population
O- 7 percent of population
A- 6 percent of population
AB+ 3 percent of population
B- 2 percent of population
AB- 1 percent of population

16. Writing Blood Types Blood types are codominant genetic traits
Homozygous Genotype
Heterozygous Genotype
Type A
IAIA
IAi
Type B
IBIB
IBi
Type AB -
IAIB
Type O ii

17. Example of a Blood Type Problem
Mother is type A (remember this could be homozygous or heterozygous!)
Father is type B (remember this could be homozygous or heterozygous!)
What blood types could their children be?

18. Rh System Rh-positive – Rh antigen is present
Rh- negative – Rh anitgen not present
Blood does not normally contain anti-Rh antibodies, EXCEPT when an Rh-negative person is given a transfusion of Rh-positive blood or…a Rh-negative mother with a Rh-positive fetus (see next slide)

19. Erthryoblastosis fetalis
Erythroblastosis
fetalis occurs when a mother’s Rh antibodies react with a fetus’s Rh positive cells.
Animation:

20. RhoGAM
All Rh-negative mothers who could carry a Rh positive baby should be treated with RhoGAM
RhoGAM stops the mother’s body from forming Rh antibodies so it prevents hurting the fetus of a Rh baby.

21. Blood Clotting
Four Components that help clotting: are…Prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin
Extrinsic – chemicals released from damaged tissue
Intrinsic – chemicals present in the blood

22. Disorder Animations Sickle Cell Anemia: Leukemia Thrombosis
Embolism (a thrombus that has moved).
Find the description of these diseases. Type them up in your own words (short definitions all on one page). Bring them in to receive 2pts for each correct definition on your test. You must be able to explain them to me at any moment that I ask you or you will lose credit. This must be your own work. No two should be exactly the same

23. Disorders Continued Anemia
Blood cannot carry sufficient oxygen to inadequete number of RBCs or hemoglobin
Hemophilia (sex linked recessive- like colorblindness!) – blood clotting disorder