1. Glandular Epithelium Main Function: Secretion Main Function: Secretion Location: Lie in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium Location: Lie in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium

2. Two Types Endocrine Endocrine Exocrine Exocrine

3. Endocrine Secrete hormones into the bloodstream Secrete hormones into the bloodstream

4. Endocrine Location: pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands Location: pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands

5. Exocrine Secrete products that are released onto the skin surface or into the lumen of a hollow organ. Secrete products that are released onto the skin surface or into the lumen of a hollow organ.

6. Exocrine Products secreted: mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes. Products secreted: mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes.

7. Exocrine Most glands are multicellular, but some are single-celled like goblet cells. Most glands are multicellular, but some are single-celled like goblet cells.

8. Exocrine Glands Merocrine secretion - their products are synthesized on fixed ribosomes (RER), package in the golgi apparatus in secretory vesicles and released via exocytosis. Merocrine secretion - their products are synthesized on fixed ribosomes (RER), package in the golgi apparatus in secretory vesicles and released via exocytosis.

9. Exocrine Glands Continued Holocrine secretion - a secretory product accumulates in the cytosol. Once the cell matures it bursts and the cell itself becomes the secretory product. Holocrine secretion - a secretory product accumulates in the cytosol. Once the cell matures it bursts and the cell itself becomes the secretory product. Example: Sebaceous glands Example: Sebaceous glands

11. Connective Tissue Vascular except cartilage and tendons Vascular except cartilage and tendons

12. Connective Tissue Has a nerve supply Has a nerve supply

13. Connective Tissue Two major components: Two major components: 1. Cells 2. Matrix

14. Types of Cells 1. Mesenchymal Cells: Mesodermal embryonic cells that give rise to cells of the connective tissue.

15. Types of Cells 2. Fibroblasts: Immature cells that secrete the matrix in loose and dense connective tissue.

16. Types of Cells 3. Chondroblasts: cells that secrete the matrix in cartilage.

17. Types of Cells Once the matrix is produced, chondroblasts differentiate into mature cells called chondrocytes. Once the matrix is produced, chondroblasts differentiate into mature cells called chondrocytes.

18. Types of Cells 4. Osteoblasts: Immature cells that secrete the matrix in bone.

19. Types of cells Once the matrix is produced, osteoblasts differentiate into mature cells called osteocytes. Once the matrix is produced, osteoblasts differentiate into mature cells called osteocytes.

20. Types of Cells 5. Macrophages: Engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis.

21. Types of Cells  Found in lungs and spleen

22. Types of Cells 6. Plasma Cells: They secret antibodies. (Antibodies are proteins that attack foreign substances)

23. Types of Cells  Found in salivary glands, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, GI tract, and respiratory tract.

24. Types of Cells 7. Mast Cells: Produce histamine. (Histamine dilates small blood vessels when the body undergoes injury or infection)

25. Types of Cells  Found in blood vessels

26. Type of Cells 8. Adipocytes: Are fat cells that store triglycerides.

27. Type of Cells  Found below skin, around the heart and kidney.

28. Types of Cells 9. White Blood Cells: Not normally found in connective tissue. They Migrate from the blood into connective tissue in cases of infection, parasitic invasion, and allergic responses.

29. Connective Tissue Matrix Consists of: Consists of: 1. Ground Substance 2. Fibers

30. Ground Substance Between cells and fibers Between cells and fibers

31. Ground Substance Supports cells and binds them together Supports cells and binds them together

32. Ground Substance Composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. Composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans.

33. Fibers 1. Collagen 2. Elastic 3. Reticular

34. Collagen  Strong and resist pulling forces

35. Collagen  Occur in bundles parallel to each other

36. Collagen  Found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

37. Elastic  Strong and can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length.

38. Elastic  Contain the property elasticity.

39. Elastic  Found in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue

40. Reticular Fibers  Provide support and strength

41. Reticular Fibers Thinner than collagen fibers and form branching networks Thinner than collagen fibers and form branching networks

42. Reticular Fibers  Form a network around cells in areolar, adipose, and smooth muscle tissue.

43. Reticular Fibers  Found in spleen and lymph nodes.

44. Types of Connective Tissue Mesenchyme Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue Mucous connective tissue Areolar connective tissue Areolar connective tissue Adipose connective tissue Adipose connective tissue Reticular connective tissue Reticular connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue

45. Types continued Elastic Connective Tissue Elastic Connective Tissue Hyaline Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Bone tissue Bone tissue Blood tissue Blood tissue Lymph Lymph

46. Mesenchyme Irregular shaped mesenchymal cells Irregular shaped mesenchymal cells

48. Mesenchyme Ground substance contains reticular fibers Ground substance contains reticular fibers

50. Mesenchyme Mostly found under skin and along bones of embryo Mostly found under skin and along bones of embryo

51. Mesenchyme Function: Forms all other connective tissue Function: Forms all other connective tissue

52. Mucous Connective Tissue There are widely scattered fibroblasts. There are widely scattered fibroblasts.

54. Mucous Connective Tissue Contains collagen fibers in ground substance. Contains collagen fibers in ground substance.

55. Mucous Connective Tissue Found in umbilical cord of fetus Found in umbilical cord of fetus

56. Mucous Connective Tissue Support Support

57. Areolar Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue

59. Areolar Connective Tissue Contains collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers Contains collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

60. Areolar Connective Tissue Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, and mast cells Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, and mast cells

61. Areolar Connective Tissue Found in subcutaneous layer of the skin, papillary region of dermis of skin, and around nerves, blood vessels, and organs Found in subcutaneous layer of the skin, papillary region of dermis of skin, and around nerves, blood vessels, and organs

62. Areolar Connective Tissue Function: Attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs, strength, elasticity, and support. Function: Attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs, strength, elasticity, and support.

63. Adipose Tissue Loose Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue

65. Adipose Tissue Contains adipocytes (store triglycerides) Contains adipocytes (store triglycerides)

66. Adipose Tissue The nucleus and cytoplasm of these cells are in the periphery The nucleus and cytoplasm of these cells are in the periphery

68. Adipose Tissue Found in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin, around the kidney and heart, yellow bone marrow. Found in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin, around the kidney and heart, yellow bone marrow.

69. Adipose Tissue Function: Reduces heat loss, supports, protects, and serves as an energy reserve Function: Reduces heat loss, supports, protects, and serves as an energy reserve

70. Reticular Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue

72. Reticular Connective Tissue Contains reticular fibers and reticular cells Contains reticular fibers and reticular cells

73. Reticular Connective Tissue Found in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, blood vessels, and muscles Found in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, blood vessels, and muscles

74. Reticular Connective Tissue Function: Forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth muscle tissues together, filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes Function: Forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth muscle tissues together, filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

75. Dense Regular Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue

77. Dense Regular Connective Tissue Contains collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles Contains collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles

78. Dense Regular Connective Tissue Shiny white matrix Shiny white matrix

79. Dense Regular Connective Tissue Contains fibroblasts in rows in between parallel bundles Contains fibroblasts in rows in between parallel bundles

81. Dense Regular Connective Tissue Found in tendons and ligaments Found in tendons and ligaments

82. Dense Regular Connective Tissue Function: Provides attachment between structures Function: Provides attachment between structures

83. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue

85. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Contains irregularly arranged collagen fibers Contains irregularly arranged collagen fibers

86. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Few Fibroblasts Few Fibroblasts

87. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Found in reticular region of the dermis of skin, periosteum, perichondrium, joint capsules, pericardium, heart valves, and in membrane capsules of kidneys, livers, testes, and lymph nodes Found in reticular region of the dermis of skin, periosteum, perichondrium, joint capsules, pericardium, heart valves, and in membrane capsules of kidneys, livers, testes, and lymph nodes

88. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Function: strength Function: strength

89. Elastic Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue

91. Elastic Connective Tissue Contains elastic fibers Contains elastic fibers

92. Elastic Connective Tissue Contains fibroblasts in between fibers Contains fibroblasts in between fibers

93. Elastic Connective Tissue Found in lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, and true vocal cords Found in lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, and true vocal cords

94. Elastic Connective Tissue Function: Enables organs to stretch Function: Enables organs to stretch

95. Hyaline Cartilage Cartilage Cartilage

97. Hyaline Cartilage Collagen fibers Collagen fibers

98. Hyaline Cartilage Abundant chondrocytes Abundant chondrocytes

99. Hyaline Cartilage Bluish white shiny ground substance Bluish white shiny ground substance

100. Hyaline Cartilage Found in ends of long bones, ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and embryonic and fetal skeleton Found in ends of long bones, ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and embryonic and fetal skeleton

101. Hyaline Cartilage Function: Gives a smooth surface for movement in joints, flexibility, and support Function: Gives a smooth surface for movement in joints, flexibility, and support

102. Fibrocartilage Cartilage Cartilage

104. Fibrocartilage Collagen Fibers Collagen Fibers

105. Fibrocartilage Chondrocytes Chondrocytes

106. Fibrocartilage Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, and parts of tendons that insert into cartilage Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, and parts of tendons that insert into cartilage

107. Fibrocartilage Function: Support and fusion Function: Support and fusion

108. Elastic Cartilage Cartilage Cartilage

110. Elastic Cartilage Elastic Fibers Elastic Fibers

111. Elastic Cartilage Chondrocytes Chondrocytes

112. Elastic Cartilage Located in epiglottis, external ear, and auditory tubes Located in epiglottis, external ear, and auditory tubes

113. Elastic Cartilage Function: Support and maintains shape Function: Support and maintains shape

114. Compact Bone Bone Bone

116. Compact Bone Contains osteons Contains osteons

117. Compact Bone Osteocytes Osteocytes

118. Compact Bone Found in bones of the body Found in bones of the body

119. Compact Bone Function: Support, protection, storage, movement Function: Support, protection, storage, movement

120. Blood Blood Blood

122. Blood Blood plasma Blood plasma

123. Blood Red blood cellls, white blood cells, and platelets Red blood cellls, white blood cells, and platelets

124. Blood Found in Blood vessels and chambers of heart Found in Blood vessels and chambers of heart

125. Blood Function: RBC’s transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, WBC’s involved in immune system response and allergic reactions, platelets involved in clotting Function: RBC’s transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, WBC’s involved in immune system response and allergic reactions, platelets involved in clotting

126. Muscle Tissue Skeletal Skeletal Cardiac Cardiac Smooth Smooth

127. Skeletal Striated Striated

129. Skeletal One nucleus One nucleus

130. Skeletal Voluntary control Voluntary control

131. Skeletal Nucleus located in periphery Nucleus located in periphery

133. Skeletal Found attached to bone by tendons Found attached to bone by tendons

134. Skeletal Function: Motion, posture, and heat production Function: Motion, posture, and heat production

135. Cardiac Striated Striated

137. Cardiac Usually contains one nucleus, but some times contains two Usually contains one nucleus, but some times contains two

138. Cardiac Involuntary Control Involuntary Control

139. Cardiac Nucleus located in center Nucleus located in center

141. Cardiac Fibers Branched Fibers Branched

143. Cardiac Found in Heart wall Found in Heart wall

144. Cardiac Pumps blood everywhere Pumps blood everywhere

145. Smooth Nonstriated Nonstriated

147. Smooth One nucleus One nucleus

148. Smooth Involuntary Involuntary

149. Smooth Nucleus located in center Nucleus located in center

151. Smooth Spindle shaped fibers Spindle shaped fibers

152. Smooth Found in walls of blood vessels, airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and uterus Found in walls of blood vessels, airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and uterus

153. Smooth Function: Motion Function: Motion

154. Nervous Tissue Neurons: nerve cells Neurons: nerve cells Neurons contain: Neurons contain: Cell body Cell body Dendrites Dendrites Axons Axons

156. Nervous Found in nervous system Found in nervous system

157. Nervous Function: Converts stimuli to nerve impulses, and conducts these nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, and glands Function: Converts stimuli to nerve impulses, and conducts these nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, and glands

158. Membranes Made up of epithelial and connective tissue Made up of epithelial and connective tissue

159. Membranes 4 types: 4 types: 1. Mucous 2. Serous 3. Cutaneous 4. synovial

160. Mucous Lines the passages of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts Lines the passages of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

161. Mucous Made up of epithelium with areolar connective tissue beneath Made up of epithelium with areolar connective tissue beneath

162. Serous Lines cavities that are not open to the exterior (peritoneal, pleura, and pericardial) Lines cavities that are not open to the exterior (peritoneal, pleura, and pericardial)

163. Serous Made up of transudate(fluid that reduces friction), mesothelium, and areolar connective tissue Made up of transudate(fluid that reduces friction), mesothelium, and areolar connective tissue

164. Cutaneous Skin Skin

165. Cutaneous Made up of stratified squamous epithelium, areolar connective tissue, and dense irregular connective tissue Made up of stratified squamous epithelium, areolar connective tissue, and dense irregular connective tissue

166. Synovial Lines joint cavities Lines joint cavities

167. Synovial It consists of epithelium with overlying areolar connective tissue It consists of epithelium with overlying areolar connective tissue