1. Circulation and Respiration

2. Gastrovascular Systems Body plan is only two or a few cell layers thick. Body plan is only two or a few cell layers thick. Food enters the same opening as waste exits. Food enters the same opening as waste exits. The fluid in the cavity of cnidarians is continuous with that around them and Planarians have a branching cavity that is adequate for their small thin (flat) bodies. The fluid in the cavity of cnidarians is continuous with that around them and Planarians have a branching cavity that is adequate for their small thin (flat) bodies.

3. Larger animals Need to have a Circulatory system because diffusion takes too long. Need to have a Circulatory system because diffusion takes too long. A system has blood, a heart/pump that generates blood pressure. A system has blood, a heart/pump that generates blood pressure. Circulatory systems are powered by cellular energy Circulatory systems are powered by cellular energy Open systems – blood is not separated from body fluid, it bathes the organs, this “blood” is called hemolymph. Blood is pumped by the heart in to spaces called sinuses. It flows back to the heart via a pressure gradient Open systems – blood is not separated from body fluid, it bathes the organs, this “blood” is called hemolymph. Blood is pumped by the heart in to spaces called sinuses. It flows back to the heart via a pressure gradient

4. Closed systems Blood is confined to vessels and maintained separate from the body fluid. Blood is confined to vessels and maintained separate from the body fluid. Cardiovascular systems consist of closed system with a heart the has one or two ventricle and one or two atria Cardiovascular systems consist of closed system with a heart the has one or two ventricle and one or two atria

5. Cardiovascular Systems Atria – heart chambers that receive blood Atria – heart chambers that receive blood Ventricles – heart chambers that pump blood Ventricles – heart chambers that pump blood Artery – vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Artery – vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Arterioles – small vessels that carry blood to the capillaries Arterioles – small vessels that carry blood to the capillaries Capillaries(bed) thin walled vessel that infiltrate the body, material exchange occurs here. Capillaries(bed) thin walled vessel that infiltrate the body, material exchange occurs here. Venules – small vessels that carry blood to veins Venules – small vessels that carry blood to veins Veins – carry blood to the heart Veins – carry blood to the heart

6. Pulmocutaneous circulation Amphibians have vessels leading from the pulmonary arteries to the skin that receive deoxygenated blood and allow the capillaries in the skin to remove carbon dioxide and even absorb some oxygen. Amphibians have vessels leading from the pulmonary arteries to the skin that receive deoxygenated blood and allow the capillaries in the skin to remove carbon dioxide and even absorb some oxygen.

7. Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation Systemic - Supplies nourishment and removes wastes from the tissue located throughout the body Systemic - Supplies nourishment and removes wastes from the tissue located throughout the body Pulmonary – blood vessels in the lungs flow to and from capillaries where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is removed. Pulmonary – blood vessels in the lungs flow to and from capillaries where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is removed.

8. Double Circulation (not found in fish) Blood flowing through the lungs is pumped separately from the blood flowing to the body. Blood flowing through the lungs is pumped separately from the blood flowing to the body. Much stronger flow to the brain, muscles, ect. Much stronger flow to the brain, muscles, ect.

9. ECG or EKG Electrocardiogram measures the electrical currents that are conducted in the body as the heart goes through the cardiac cycle Electrocardiogram measures the electrical currents that are conducted in the body as the heart goes through the cardiac cycle

11. Movement of blood Movement of blood Movement of blood Movement of blood Adam Movement of blood overview Adam Movement of blood overview Adam Movement of blood Adam Movement of blood Movement of oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Movement of oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Movement of oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Movement of oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

14. capillaries Capillary function Capillary function Capillary function Capillary function Pressure – fluid loss and regain Pressure – fluid loss and regain Pressure – fluid loss and regain Pressure – fluid loss and regain

16. V. On outline - Blood Blood cells and cell fragments occupy about 45% of the blood volume. Blood cells and cell fragments occupy about 45% of the blood volume. 55% is plasma. 55% is plasma. Plasma is 90% water, it contains electrolytes. Plasma is 90% water, it contains electrolytes. Plasma proteins help to maintain pH, osmotic balance, and blood viscosity. Plasma proteins help to maintain pH, osmotic balance, and blood viscosity. Some of these proteins are immunoglobulins that function in defense. Some of these proteins are immunoglobulins that function in defense.

18. Cellular Elements Blood plasma suspends 3 elements: Blood plasma suspends 3 elements: 1. RBC’s--oxygen transport, most numerous.(eurythrocytes) 1. RBC’s--oxygen transport, most numerous.(eurythrocytes) 2. WBC’s--defense of body.(leukocytes) 2. WBC’s--defense of body.(leukocytes) 3. Platelets--fragments of cells which help in the clotting process. 3. Platelets--fragments of cells which help in the clotting process.

19. Eurythrocytes Shape is related to its function. Shape is related to its function. Biconcave increases its surface area. Biconcave increases its surface area. Small size and number increases surface area--related to function. Small size and number increases surface area--related to function. Mammalian lack nuclei--allows for more hemoglobin. Mammalian lack nuclei--allows for more hemoglobin.

20. Leukocytes These are white blood cells and there are 5 types: These are white blood cells and there are 5 types: 1. Monocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes 1. Monocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes Collectively, these fight infection. Collectively, these fight infection. These spend most of their time in the interstitial fluid where they fight invaders. These spend most of their time in the interstitial fluid where they fight invaders.

21. Platelets These plug wounds and prevent blood loss. These plug wounds and prevent blood loss. Wounds release factors that make platelets sticky and enable them to adhere to collagen fibers in connective tissue slowing blood loss. Wounds release factors that make platelets sticky and enable them to adhere to collagen fibers in connective tissue slowing blood loss.

22. Stem cells In the marrow of some bones, particularly the ribs, vertebrae, breastbone and pelvis the blood cells are created from pluripotent cells that can produce. In the marrow of some bones, particularly the ribs, vertebrae, breastbone and pelvis the blood cells are created from pluripotent cells that can produce.

23. Blood clotting Platelets plug wounds and prevent blood loss. Platelets plug wounds and prevent blood loss. Wounds release factors that make platelets sticky and enable them to adhere to collagen fibers in connective tissue slowing blood loss. Wounds release factors that make platelets sticky and enable them to adhere to collagen fibers in connective tissue slowing blood loss.

27. Respiratory Systems Respiratory surfaces allow for the exchange of gases. Respiratory surfaces allow for the exchange of gases. They are always thin and bathed in water. They are always thin and bathed in water. In most animals, the respiratory medium is a thin, moist epithelium. In most animals, the respiratory medium is a thin, moist epithelium. This separates the respiratory medium from the blood. This separates the respiratory medium from the blood.

28. Gills Are out-foldings of the body surface suspended in water. Are out-foldings of the body surface suspended in water. They are loaded with capillaries. They are loaded with capillaries. Animals with gills ventilate them which moves water with a high concentration of O 2 over them. Animals with gills ventilate them which moves water with a high concentration of O 2 over them.

31. Tracheal System Found in insects. Found in insects. It is made up of tubes that branch through the body which is a variation on a folded, internal respiratory surface. It is made up of tubes that branch through the body which is a variation on a folded, internal respiratory surface. The trachea branches smaller and smaller and contacts nearly every cell. The trachea branches smaller and smaller and contacts nearly every cell.

33. Lungs These are respiratory organs found in one spot of the body. These are respiratory organs found in one spot of the body. They have a dense net of capillaries immediately below the epithelium on the respiratory surface. They have a dense net of capillaries immediately below the epithelium on the respiratory surface. They are connected to a closed system that transports gases to and from other regions of the body. They are connected to a closed system that transports gases to and from other regions of the body.

36. Ventilating the lungs Positive pressure breathing-amphibians Positive pressure breathing-amphibians Negative pressure breathing-humans Negative pressure breathing-humans Diaphragm – muscle below rib cage Diaphragm – muscle below rib cage Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled with each breath. Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled with each breath. Max. during forced breathing is 3-4.8L Max. during forced breathing is 3-4.8L Residual volume is the amount remaining in the lungs after a forced exhale. Residual volume is the amount remaining in the lungs after a forced exhale.

37. Vital capacity maximum volume of air that a person can exhale after maximum inhalation. It can also be the maximum volume of air that a person can inhale after maximum exhalation. maximum volume of air that a person can exhale after maximum inhalation. It can also be the maximum volume of air that a person can inhale after maximum exhalation. exhaleinhalation exhaleinhalation

38. Control centers in the brain Human breathing is mostly under autonomic control. Human breathing is mostly under autonomic control. 2 regions of the brain control this: 2 regions of the brain control this: The pons and the medulla. The pons and the medulla. The pons controls the medulla which sets a basic breathing rhythm. The pons controls the medulla which sets a basic breathing rhythm.

39. Sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries exert secondary control over breathing. Sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries exert secondary control over breathing. These sensors monitor O 2, CO 2 and blood pH. These sensors monitor O 2, CO 2 and blood pH. The pH is largely controlled by CO 2 levels. The pH is largely controlled by CO 2 levels.

40. Gases When CO 2 levels increase, carbonic acid levels increase lowering the blood pH. When CO 2 levels increase, carbonic acid levels increase lowering the blood pH. When pH drops, the depth and rate of breathing increases helping to remove excess CO 2. When pH drops, the depth and rate of breathing increases helping to remove excess CO 2. O 2 levels only have an effect on breathing rate at high altitudes. O 2 levels only have an effect on breathing rate at high altitudes.

41. More Carbon Dioxide In addition to transporting O 2, hemoglobin helps transport CO 2 and assists in buffering. In addition to transporting O 2, hemoglobin helps transport CO 2 and assists in buffering. Respiring cells produce CO 2. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction of CO 2 with H 2 O to form H 2 CO 3. Respiring cells produce CO 2. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction of CO 2 with H 2 O to form H 2 CO 3. H 2 CO 3 dissociates into H + + HCO 3 - H 2 CO 3 dissociates into H + + HCO 3 - Most of the H + attaches to hemoglobin and other proteins minimizing the change in blood pH. Most of the H + attaches to hemoglobin and other proteins minimizing the change in blood pH.

43. Diffusion in the Alveoli O2O2 CO 2 Air In & Out Alveolus Oxygenated Blood Deoxygenated Blood Blood Capillary

45. Body Cells CO 2 O2O2 Blood Capillary Tissue Fluid Gas Exchange at the Cells