1. Conditioning A type of learning: Learning – relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to an experience

2. Classical Conditioning Where associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral (learned) stimulus.

3. The Experiment

4. CC Vocab Stimulus- something that elicits a response Response- reaction to a stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus- stimulus that naturally elicits a response Unconditioned Response- automatic, natural response to a stimulus Conditioned Stimulus- a previously neutral stimulus that is now associated with a natural response Conditioned Response- a learned response to a stimulus

5. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZfMIHwSkU&safety_mode =true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZfMIHwSkU&safety_mode =true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

6. Emotional Conditioning Example: Loud noise automatically elicits the response of a fast heart-rate. Little Albert, the white rat, and a loud noise.

7. Little Albert– BANG!! James B. Watson Behavioralist Approach

8. EC Vocab Stimulus Generalization: Process of a response spreading from one stimuli to another which resembles the first Extinction: Gradual loss of association between stimuli and response Spontaneous Recovery: Sudden, unexplained reappearance of an extinguished response Kiss – Onion Breath

9. In Focus – Page 194 Draw a diagram of your own experience with classical conditioning. (with a partner) Could you reverse the conditioning in any of our examples?

10. The Law of Effect - Operant Conditioning

11. Operant Conditioning Conditioning that results from individual’s actions and the consequences they cause.

12. Operant Conditioning Voluntary Response Reinforcment Repeat Voluntary Response Stay after practice to work on shooting: Score winning Goal: Continue putting extra time into shooting Explain the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning

13. To distinguish between the two: Ask yourself: Is the organism learning associations between events that it doesn’t control, (classical), or is it learning associations between its behavior and resulting events, (operant)?

14. Reinforcements Primary Reinforcement: Something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a reward (food or water, love etc.) Secondary Reinforcement: Anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer (money) – All secondary reinforcers are related to some primary one

15. Reinforcements – strengthen a response Positive Reinforcement: A reinforcement that strengthens a response by following it with the addition of something positive. Negative Reinforcement: A reinforcement that strengthens a response by following it with the removal of something unpleasant

16. Positive/ Negative Reinforcement Skinner Box

17. Punishment Punishment and Negative Reinforcement are DIFFERENT. Punishment is the process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences. Reinforcement increases a behavior, punishment decreases it

18. Shaping– a way of adding behaviors that don’t already exist Successively reward behavior that gets closer and closer to the desired result

19. Chaining– reinforcing the connection between parts of a sequence

20. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement– reinforcement given each time a behavior occurs Schedules of Reinforcement—different methods of reinforcing Partial Reinforcement Schedule—reinforcement not given each time a behavior occurs – Variable Ratio Schedule – Fixed Ratio Schedule – Variable Interval – Fixed Interval

21. Variable Ratio Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a specific but variable number of times.

22. Fixed Ratio Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a fixed number of times. For every 5 times the rabbit pulls the lever, it gets reinforcement

23. Variable Interval Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed following a variable amount of time.

24. Fixed Interval Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed following a fixed amount of time.

25. Classical v. Operant

26. Group competition Groups of 4 – come up with 3 examples of the partial reinforcement schedules Present to class as a skit Try to identify which schedule is being performed Most creative and accurate group gets extra credit on the next test!

27. Social Learning Albert Bandura – We imitate those around us

28. Social Learning Learning from the behaviors of others – “Monkey see, monkey do.” Thanks to Mirror Neurons

29. Observational Learning http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/divided/etc/view.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/divided/etc/view.html A form of social learning where an organism observes and imitates the behavior of others.

31. The Scapegoats Who caused the… Versailles Treaty? Great Depression? World-wide Humiliation?

32. Versailles Treaty The Signing The split of Germany

33. The Great Depression

34. Anti-Semitic Propoganda

35. Poem German children learned to recite by heart in school A devil goes through the land, It's the Jew, well-known to us as a murderer of peoples, a race defiler, a child's horror in all lands! Corrupting our youth stands him in good stead. He wants all peoples dead. Stay away from every Jew, and happiness will come to you!

36. Social Conditioning And we turn a Blind Eye – Could this happen again?

37. Krystall Nacht

38. The Nuremburg Laws

39. Genocide

40. Prejudice spun out of control… So why didn’t anyone speak up?

41. Milgram Experiment on Obedience

42. Cognitive Psychology & Learning Cognitive Approach: The study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge. – They focus on how complex knowledge is obtained, processed and organized

43. Cognitive Approach Vocab Latent Learning: Learning that is not obvious but takes place under the surface Expectancies: Beliefs about our abilities to perform an action and get the desired reward Reinforcement Value: The preference of one type of reinforcement over another (Beyonce tickets vs. Adele, you will work harder for the one you like) Cognitive Map: A mental image of where one is located in space Strategies: Methods for solving problems

44. Latent Learning

45. Expectancies

46. Reinforcement Value Which one do you want more? Which types of rewards are most reinforcing for students? Would privileges be better in encouraging studying than praise?

47. Cognitive Map

48. Strategies

49. Review Classical Learning: Learning by Association Operant Conditioning: Learning through Reinforcements Social Learning: Learning by observing and imitating Cognitive Learning: Learning through mental processes I am terrified of rodents!! Use each one of these ways to explain why I might be.