2. Chapter 5: Learning Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. Learning: Definition A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience –Distinguishes between changes due to maturation and changes brought about by experience –Distinguishes between short-term changes in performance and actual learning

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Classical Conditioning Type of learning discovered by Ivan Pavlov in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Classical Conditioning A stimulus that, before conditioning,does not naturally bring about the response of interest A stimulus that brings about a response without having been learned

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Classical Conditioning A natural, innate response that is not associated with previous learning

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Classical Conditioning A NS that has been paired with a UCS to bring about a response formerly caused only by the UCS A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Before Conditioning

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. During Conditioning

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. After Conditioning

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Classical Conditioning Extinction –Occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears Spontaneous recovery –The re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Classical Conditioning Stimulus generalization –Occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus Stimulus discrimination –Ability to differentiate between stimuli Conditioned Stimulus New Stimulus

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Operant Conditioning –Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences Law of effect –Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, and responses followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement –The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated Reinforcer –Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Operant Conditioning Primary reinforcer –Satisfies some biological need and works naturally, regardless of a person’s prior experience Secondary reinforcer –A stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcement

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, and Punishment Positive Reinforcement –A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response Negative reinforcement –Unpleasant stimulus whose removal from the environment leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will occur again in the future –Escape conditioning –Avoidance conditioning

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Punishment Stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again –Positive punishment weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus –Negative punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement –Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs Partial reinforcement –Behavior that is reinforced some but not all of the time

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed-ratio schedule –Reinforcement is given only after a certain number of responses Variable-ratio schedule –Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed-interval schedule –Provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, overall rates of response are relatively low Variable-interval schedule –Time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Operant Conditioning Stimulus Control Training –Behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus, but not in its absence Discriminative stimulus –Signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow the response Stimulus generalization

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superstitious behavior Shaping –Process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior Biological constraints –Built-in limitations in the ability of animals to learn particular behaviors Operant Conditioning

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cognitive-Social Approaches to Learning Latent learning –A new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until reinforcement is provided for displaying it Observational learning –Learning through observing the behavior of another person called a model