1. B LOOD Chapter 12

2. F UNCTIONS Transport Heat Distribution Fluid Regulation

3. C OMPONENTS Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets (cell fragments) Plasma (fluid)

4. B LOOD VOLUME AND COMPOSITION 45% Red Blood Cells (Hematocrit) 55% Plasma <1% White Blood Cells/Platelets Avg. adult has 5L of blood Fun fact: Men have more blood than women Centrifuged Blood Sample Plasma “Buffy coat” (white blood cells and platelets) Red blood cells

5. R ED B LOOD C ELLS AKA Erythrocytes Biconcave discs No nucleus Carry hemoglobin

6. H EMOGLOBIN Carries oxygen When carrying oxygen, appears bright red No oxygen, appears darker (bluish) Iron needed to make hemoglobin Low iron or RBC’s-anemia Lowers oxygen carrying ability Low energy Sickle Cell

7. R ED B LOOD C ELL P RODUCTION /D ESTRUCTION Red Bone Marrow With age, capillary transport damages RBCs These damaged cells are broken down

8. W HITE B LOOD C ELLS AKA leukocytes Body’s defenders against disease Can leave blood and go to tissues Five types Some of these engulf harmful particles

9. W HITE B LOOD C ELL C OUNTS High WBC counts can indicate illness

10. P LATELETS Cell fragments Function: blood clotting Travel to site of bleeding and “plug up” the leak

11. P LASMA Mostly water Functions to transport nutrients and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain a favorable pH

12. S TOPPING B LEEDING Hemostasis: stoppage of bleeding 1. Blood vessel spasm 2. Platelet plug 3. Blood coagulation (clotting) Thrombus Embolus

13. Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Break in vessel wall PlateletRed blood cell Blood escaping through break Platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen Platelet plug helps control blood loss 1 2 3 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

14. B LOOD T YPES Blood type is determined by which proteins are present on red blood cells Proteins = Antigens Antigens = A, B, Rh Blood Types A, B, AB, O Can be positive or negative

15. T YPE A Has A antigen (protein) May or may not contain Rh Factor

16. T YPE B Has B antigen (protein) May or may not contain Rh factor

17. T YPE AB Has A and B antigens May or may not contain Rh factor

18. T YPE O Has neither A or B antigens May or may not contain Rh factor

19. A NTIBODIES A person will make antibodies against any antigens they do not have in their own blood What is an antibody? Attacks foreign material; released by a type of WBC A type A person will make antibodies against what antigen? Type B? Type AB? Type O? What if a person is Rh – or +?

20. A GGLUTINATION If an antibody detects its corresponding antigen, the red blood cells will start to clump This clumping is called agglutination Why is this a problem with blood transfusions?

21. B LOOD T YPE R EVIEW

23. U NIVERSAL D ONOR AND R ECEIVER Which blood type is the universal donor? Receiver?

24. B LOOD C OMPATIBILITY

25. 25 Fig12.19 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Rh-negative woman with Rh-positive fetus Cells from Rh-positive fetus enter woman’s Bloodstream. In the next Rh-positive pregnancy, maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells Woman becomes sensitized— antibodies ( ) form to fight Rh-positive blood cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – + + + + + + + + + + – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

26. R H F ACTOR P ROBLEM Rh- mother bears an Rh+ baby No problem with FIRST BABY because the mother is NOT exposed to the Rh+ blood until birth If there is exposure, mother will produce antibodies to attack Rh protein If mother bears other Rh+ children, the anti-Rh antibodies may enter the growing baby’s blood and attack the baby’s RBC Lack of oxygen due to decreased or damaged RBCs can cause brain damage or death