1. Chapter 6: Learning 1Ch. 6

2. – Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience 1. Classical Conditioning : Pairing 2. Operant Conditioning : Consequence 3. Observational Learning : Watching Ch. 62

3. Ivan Pavlov: we learn to associate two stimuli by pairing (experiments w/ dogs) 3Ch. 6

4. Classical Conditioning 4Ch. 6 – Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) : Stimulus coming from the environment that naturally triggers a response (automatic) – Unconditioned Response (UCR) : Reflex to the UCS, unlearned/naturally/automatically – Neutral Stimulus (NS) : has no relationship to the UCS or UCR but later gains power to trigger the CR – Conditioned Stimulus (CS) : aka previously neutral stimulus, through pairing w/ UCS becomes learned & triggers the CR – Conditioned Response (CR) : learned response to the conditioned stimulus

5. 5Ch. 6 Acquisition: The initial stage of learning Elicited: “ Brings out” either automatically or involuntarily Trial: Pairing of the UCS & NS

6. 6Ch. 6

7. Extinction : presenting the CS alone w/out UCS causing weakening/disappearance Spontaneous Recovery : reappearance of behavior, after a period of no exposure Stimulus Generalization : responding to similar stimuli Discrimination : responding to only a specific stimuli 7Ch. 6

8. 8

9. Stimulus Contiguity: occurring together in time and space Higher-Order Conditioning : building on an already conditioned behavior, to associate another conditioned stimulus. (1 st to sound, then to color) Renewal Effect: if extinguished in another place, reappearance of the behavior if you return to the original environment 9Ch. 6

10. 10Ch. 6

11. John B. Watson: behavior learned through.. Little Albert: classically conditioned a baby to fear a white rat, then any small fluffy thing. UCS:Generalization? UCR:Discrimination? NS:Reversible? CS: CR: 11Ch. 6

12. Operant Conditioning: learning that is controlled by consequences Edward L. Thorndike (1913) Law of Effect: behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely & vice versa Puzzle Box: experiments w/ Cats taught escape learning 12Ch. 6

13. 13Ch. 6

14. B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement – Operant Chamber (Skinner Box) : complex or voluntary behaviors controlled my a machine – Emission of response: voluntary – Reinforcement Contingencies: rules – Cumulative Recorder: graphs responses 14Ch. 6

15. 15Ch. 6

16. Acquisition: first time you learn Shaping: reinforcing behavior that is close too the desired goal Chaining: reinforcing a series of behaviors to get a reward Extinction: weakening/disappearance of a response (no consequence Discriminative Stimuli: cues that influence behavior (asking when in a good mood) 16Ch. 6

17. 17Ch. 6

18. 18Ch. 6 Positive: (+) Something Given Reinforcement: Behavior Increases Negative: (-) Something Taken Punishment: Behavior Decreases

19. 19Ch. 6

20. 20Ch. 6

21. Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Escape learning: learn to end aversion Avoidance learning: learn to prevent Positive Punishment Negative Punishment – Problems with punishment 21Ch. 6

22. Primary Reinforcers – Satisfy biological needs (needs) Secondary Reinforcers – Conditioned reinforcement (wants) 22Ch. 6

23. Continuous reinforcement Intermittent (partial) reinforcement: (leads to more resistance to extinction) – Ratio schedules: Based on Response Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio – Interval schedules: Based on Time Fixed Interval Variable Interval 23Ch. 6

24. 24Ch. 6

25. Conditioned Taste Aversion: John Garcia, taste-nausea & odder-nausea are impossible to prevent 25Ch. 6

26. 26Ch. 6

27. Albert Bandura: Observational learning through modeling – Models: people who demonstrate the behavior 4 key processes – attention – retention – reproduction – motivation 27Ch. 6

28. 28Ch. 6