1. Operant Conditioning

2. A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.

3. Classical v. Operant They both use acquisition, discrimination, SR, generalization and extinction. Classical Conditioning is automatic (respondent behavior). Dogs automatically salivate over meat, then bell- no thinking involved. Operant Conditioning involves behavior where one can influence their environment with behaviors which have consequences (operant behavior).

4. Is the organism learning associations between events that it doesn’t control? Is the organism learning associations between its behavior and resulting events? Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

5. Edward Thorndike Law of Effect: rewarded behavior is likely to recur.

6. B.F. Skinner

7. Shaping A procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal.

8. Operant Conditioning Chamber Conditioning

9. Reinforcer Any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows. Two Types of Reinforcement: Positive and Negative

10. Positive Reinforcement Strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response.

11. Negative Reinforcement Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus.

12. Skinner’s Experiments Types of Reinforcers Reinforcer –Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement –Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement

13. Types of Reinforcers

14. Primary Reinforcer An innately reinforcing stimulus

15. Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer A stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.

16. Immediate v. Delayed Reinforcers

17. Reinforcement Schedules

18. Continuous Reinforcement Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. Quick Acquisition Quick Extinction

19. Partial Reinforcement Reinforcing a response only part of the time. The acquisition process is slower. Greater resistance to extinction.

20. Fixed-ratio Schedules A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. Example: I give cookie monster a cookie every FIVE times he sings “C is for cookie”.

21. Variable-ratio Schedule A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. Example: I give Homer a donut at random times when he says “DOH!!!”

22. Fixed-interval Schedule A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. Example: I give Bart a Butterfinger every ten minutes after he moons someone.

23. Variable-interval Schedule A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. Pop Quizzes

24. Skinner’s Experiments Reinforcement Schedules

26. Punishment An event that DECREASES the behavior that it follows. Does punishment work?

27. Skinner’s Experiments Punishment Punishment –Positive punishment –Negative punishment

28. Skinner’s Experiments Punishment Negatives of using punishment –Punished behavior is suppressed not forgotten –Punishment teaches discrimination –Punishment can teach fear –Physical punishment may increase aggression

29. Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

30. Biological Constraints on Conditioning

31. Biological Constraints on Conditioning Limits on Classical Conditioning John Garcia –Conditioned Taste Aversion –Biologically primed associations Natural Selection and Learning –Genetic predisposition

32. Biological Constraints on Conditioning Limits on Classical Conditioning

33. Biological Constraints on Conditioning Limits on Operant Conditioning Naturally adapting behaviors Instinctive drift

34. Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning Cognitive Processes and Classical Conditioning Predictability of an event –Expectancy Stimulus associations

35. Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning Cognitive Processes and Operant Conditioning Latent learning – learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrateLatent learning –Cognitive map – mental representation of the layout of one’s environmentCognitive map

36. Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning Cognitive Processes and Operant Conditioning Insig ht – sudden realization of a problem’s solutionInsig ht Intrinsic motivation - a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sakeIntrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation – a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishmentExtrinsic motivation

37. Influences on Conditioning

38. Learning and Personal Control Cope – alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methodsCope Problem-focused coping – attempting to alleviate stress directly – by changing stressorProblem-focused coping Emotion-focused coping – attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring stressors and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reactionEmotion-focused coping

39. Learning and Personal Control Learned Helplessness Learned helplessness (Martin Seligman) – the hopelessness and passive resignation learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive eventsLearned helplessness

40. Learning and Personal Control Learned Helplessness: Internal Versus External Locus of Control External locus of control – the perception that chance or outside forces determine or fateExternal locus of control Internal locus of control – the perception that you control your own fateInternal locus of control

41. Learning and Personal Control Learned Helplessness: Depleting and Strengthening Self-Control Self-control – ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewardsSelf-control

42. Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain Observational learning – learning by observing othersObservational learning –Social learning –Modeling – the process of observing and imitating a specific behaviorModeling –Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

43. Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain

44. Mirror neurons – frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing soMirror neurons May cause empathy and imitation

45. Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain Cognitive imitation

46. Applications of Observational Learning Prosocial versus Antisocial Effects Prosocial effects – positive, constructive, helpful behaviorProsocial effects “Do as I say”

47. Applications of Observational Learning Prosocial versus Antisocial Effects Antisocial effects Violence doubled after intro of TV Between 1998-2006 TV violence increased 75% 74% unpunished, 58% didn’t show victims pain, 50% justified violence, 50% perps attractive