1. Behavioral Approach

2. Assumptions of Behaviorism All species of animals learn in similar (equal ways with the same guiding principles All species of animals learn in similar (equal ways with the same guiding principles To understand learning processes, focus on stimulus and responses To understand learning processes, focus on stimulus and responses Internal process should be excluded from the study of learning. Internal process should be excluded from the study of learning. Learning is evidenced by a behavior change Learning is evidenced by a behavior change

3. Assumptions of Behaviorism (cont.) Organisms are blank slates at birth Organisms are blank slates at birth Learning is a result of environmental events Learning is a result of environmental events

4. Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (stimulus that naturally produces a desired response; food) Unconditioned Response (response naturally occurring in the presence of the US; salivating) Conditioned Stimulus (neutral stimulus paired with the US; bell) Conditioned Response (response occurring in the presence of the CS)

5. Classical Conditioning USUR US + CSUR CS CR - Response may generalize to other stimuli similar to the CS.

6. Operant Conditioning Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive and Negative Punishment Positive and Negative Punishment In general, reinforcement may be continuous (or fixed) or partial (or intermittent) In general, reinforcement may be continuous (or fixed) or partial (or intermittent)

7. Reinforcement Positive reinforcer: “ Rewards ” or something desireable is received after a behavior occurs Positive reinforcer: “ Rewards ” or something desireable is received after a behavior occurs Negative reinforcer: “ Escapes ” or something undesirable is avoided after a behavior occurs Negative reinforcer: “ Escapes ” or something undesirable is avoided after a behavior occurs

8. Punishment Presentation punishment: An undesirable stimulus is received after a behavior occurs Presentation punishment: An undesirable stimulus is received after a behavior occurs Removal punishment: A desireable is lost or removed after a behavior occurs

9. Antecedents A prompt of cue that comes before a behavior that results in the correct behavior being elicited. A prompt of cue that comes before a behavior that results in the correct behavior being elicited.

10. Comparisons Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Two stimuli, UCS and CS, are paired A response (R) is followed by a reinforcing stimulus (S) Involuntary behavior : elicited by a stimulus Voluntary behavior: emitted by an organism CS CR R S OR: S-R-S

11. Mowrer ’ s two factor theory Mowrer (1960) described a model where both classical and operant conditioning work to influence the maintenance of psychopathology. Mowrer (1960) described a model where both classical and operant conditioning work to influence the maintenance of psychopathology. Initial fear acquisition through classical conditioning  naturally leads to avoidance of feared stimuli (negative reinforcement)  avoidance prevents contact with feared stimulus so extinction can ’ t take place. Initial fear acquisition through classical conditioning  naturally leads to avoidance of feared stimuli (negative reinforcement)  avoidance prevents contact with feared stimulus so extinction can ’ t take place.

12. Observational Learning Bandura ’ s Bobo Doll Experiment. Bandura ’ s Bobo Doll Experiment. Evolution may also play a role in observational learning. Evolution may also play a role in observational learning.

13. Cognitive Theories Types of cognition Types of cognition Causal attributions Causal attributions Control beliefs Control beliefs Dysfunctional assumptions Dysfunctional assumptions Feelings Behaviors Thoughts