1. Cabrillo College CCNP Semester 5 Building Scalable Cisco Networks
Rick Graziani, Instructor with Mark McGregor
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2. Scalable Networks
Scalability: The ability to grow and adapt without major redesign or reinstallation
More often than not, poor design prevents a network from scaling gracefully, not outdated protocols or underpowered devices.

3. Three-Layer Design Model
Conceptual only
There will be contradictions and some devices may be argued as one type of device or another.

4. Sample 3-layer hierarchy
Layered models can be difficult to comprehend.
Exact composition can vary from network to network.
Sample
3-layer
hierarchy

5. The Core Layer
Core Layer: provide an optimized and reliable transport structure by forwarding traffic at very high speeds.
Core routers switch packets – fast.
No ACLs, no redistribution, no fancy packet manipulation.

6. The Distribution Layer
Distribution Layer : provides boundary definition by using access-lists and other filters to limit what gets into the core. Thus, this layer defines policy for the network.
Distribution routers apply routing policies using ACLs, route maps, distribute lists and redistribution.

7. The Access Layer
Access Layer : feeds traffic into the network. End users access the network via the access layer.
Access Layer routers employ ACLs designed to prevent unauthorized users from gaining entry and give remote sites access to the network via Frame Relay, ISDN, or leased lines.

8. Defining the Router’s Role in a Hierarchy

9. An access router
2600, 2500, 1700, and 1600 Series

10. An access router

11. A distribution router
3600, 4500, and 4000 series

12. A core router
12000, 7500, 7200, and 7000 series

13. An ISP core router

14. Product Lines (know this!)
Core layer
12000, 7500, 7200, 7000
Distribution layer
3600, 4500, 4000
Access layer
2600, 2500, 1700, 1600

15. Key characteristics of a scalable network

16. Reliable and Available
24x7
Failures need to be isolated and recovery invisible to the user
Uses scalable routing protocols (OSPF, EIGRP)
Reachability: Uses complex metrics instead of hop count
Fast convergence time: How they update other routers with new information
Congestion control: Less traffic overhead, incremental updates and route summarization

17. Reliable and Available
Alternate paths
Core layer: redundancy
Remote sites with mission critical data: redundant links
Tunnels
Allow for non-IP layer-3 packets (IPX) to be encapsulated in IP packets
Allows for IP only policies and routing
Other functions as well
Dial Backup
ISDN, POTS

18. Reliable and Available
Load balancing (See Tech Note - McGregor)
Distribute traffic across multiple links to the same destination
Equal-cost-load-balancing: Same cost/metric
Unequal-cost-load-balancing: Different cost/metric
Per-packet load balancing (process-switching)
Router alternates paths on a per-packet basis
Allows for more proportional load balancing than per-destination load balancing
Requires more CPU processing
Per-destination load balancing (fast switching)
The first packet’s destination address is cached, so all packets destined for the same address will take the same path

19. Making the Network Responsive
Routers can prioritize traffic based on protocol information such as TCP port numbers.
Priority may be important on routers that maintain slow WAN connections.
First come, first served transmission may cause unacceptable responsiveness for delay-sensitive traffic as the router must empty its buffer of another user’s file upload of a long train of packets.

20. Making the Network Responsive
Cisco addresses priority and responsiveness through queuing, the process the router uses to schedule packets for transmission. (Sem 6)
Queuing: FIFO, Priority, Custom, WFQ
FIFO Queuing (First-In First-Out) - Sem 6
Prioritizes packets in the order which they arrived
Fastest of the four methods
Cisco default on all interfaces faster than E1 (2.048 Mbps)

21. Making the Network Responsive
Priority Queuing - Sem 6
Highest priority traffic gets dispatched before any other packets
Assign traffic to one of four output queues: high, medium, normal, or low
Router will check high queue first. When high queue is empty, the router checks medium queue, etc.
Disadvantage: A lower priority queue may never get serviced or with an acceptable time frame if a higher priority queue is always being serviced

22. Making the Network Responsive
Custom Queuing - Sem 6
Allows for up to 16 queues
Solves problem of Priority Queuing
Administrator reserves a minimum amount of bandwidth for each queue
Higher priority traffic can be put in a queue that receives more bandwidth
Each queue is serviced sequentially until the number of bytes transmitted exceeds the configured bandwidth for that queue

23. Making the Network Responsive
WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing) - Sem 6
Priority and Custom Queuing required administrator to predefine priorities and configure access lists
WFQ uses a complex algorithm to automatically allocate bandwidth to all types of network traffic, but prioritizes delay-sensitive packets so that high-volume conversations don’t consume all the available bandwidth.
WFQ breaks up large trains of packets so that low-volume conversations don’t get overrun by large file transfers of any other heavy traffic.
Cisco default on all interfaces E1 (2.048 Mbps) and slower.

24. Making the Network Efficient
Access Lists - Sem 5
Snapshot Routing - Sem 6
Compression - Sem 6
Dial-on-Demand Routing - Sem 6
Route Summarization - Sem 5
Incremental Updates - Sem 5

25. Making the Network Efficient
Access Lists - Sem 5
Prevents (permit or deny) unnecessary, undesirable or unauthorized traffic
Snapshot Routing - Sem 6
Cisco IOS feature that allows distance-vector routers to exchange their complete tables during initial connection, and then only during active periods.
Router takes snapshot of table during quiet periods (dialup link is down) and then exchange tables only during active periods (dialup link is up) when interesting traffic brings up the link.

26. Making the Network Efficient
Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR) - Sem 6
Router waits for interesting traffic before activating the link, commonly used with ISDN.
Route Summarization - Sem 5
Route aggregation or route summarization
Number of entries in the routing table can be reduced if the router uses one network address and mask to represent multiple networks or subnetworks.
Incremental Updates - Sem 5
Routing protocols (OSPF, EIGRP) send routing updates that contain information only about routes that have been changed and only when there is a change.

27. Making the Network Adaptable
Coexistence of multiple routed (IP, IPX) and routing protocols (RIP, OSPF).
Route Redistribution
Allows routing information to be shared (redistributed) among two or more different routing protocols.
Ex: RIP routes into OSFP area

28. Making the Network Accessible but Secure
Allows users to connect easily over a wide variety of technologies, if necessary.
Dialup and Dedicated Access - Sem 6
T1/E1, PSTN, ISDN, etc.
Switched Access - Sem 6
Frame Relay, X.25, ATM, etc.
Secure
PAP, CHAP, TACACS+, RADIUS, etc.

29. Coming up! IP Addressing: VLSM, CIDR Routing Overview
OSPF: Single Area and Multiarea
EIGRP
Route Optimization
BGP
“Security”
Labs!