1. National Center for Supercomputing Applications GLORIAD Science Applications Astronomy – Virtual Observatories Global Climate Change Richard M. Crutcher Professor of Astronomy, University of Illinois and Senior Associate Director for Applications, National Center for Supercomputing Applications

2. National Center for Supercomputing Applications What is NCSA? United States National Science Foundation funded center operated by the University of Illinois Provides high-performance computing resources to the U.S. academic community on basis of peer- reviewed proposals Non-U.S. researchers can collaborate with U.S. researchers and obtain supercomputing resources NCSA computing resources –2 TFlop IBM Power 4, AIX operating system –15 TFlop Pentium 4 Xeon cluster, Linux operating system –10 TFlop Itanium 2 Teragrid cluster, Linux operating system

3. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Extensible TeraGrid Facility NCSA: Compute IntensiveSDSC: Data IntensivePSC: Compute Intensive IA64 Pwr4 EV68 IA32 EV7 IA64 Sun 10 TF IA-64 128 large memory nodes 230 TB Disk Storage 3 PB Tape Storage GPFS and data mining 4 TF IA-64 DB2, Oracle Servers 500 TB Disk Storage 6 PB Tape Storage 1.1 TF Power4 6 TF EV68 71 TB Storage 0.3 TF EV7 shared-memory 150 TB Storage Server 1.25 TF IA-64 96 Viz nodes 20 TB Storage 0.4 TF IA-64 IA32 Datawulf 80 TB Storage Extensible Backplane Network LA Hub Chicago Hub IA32 Storage Server Disk Storage Cluster Shared Memory Visualization Cluster LEGEND 30 Gb/s IA64 30 Gb/s Sun ANL: VisualizationCaltech: Data collection analysis 40 Gb/s Backplane Router

4. The National Virtual Observatory National Center for Supercomputing Applications

5. What is the NVO? An NSF-funded collaboration of astronomy data providers and IT specialists A participant in the International Virtual Observatory Association VO-India GAVO KVOIDGAR =

6. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Data Grid for Astronomy –Federation of diverse, distributed data & services ~10 3 catalogs, image archives, data collections currently on-line Archive growth: Sloan Digital Sky Survey: ~3 TB (today) Large Synoptic Telescope: 10 PB/year (2008) –Infrastructure that enables difficult science handling large datasets integrating diverse data integrating computational services –Standards for interoperable information & data exchange What is the NVO?

7. National Center for Supercomputing Applications

11. Example of research with the NVO Cluster Galaxy Morphology Analysis Integrating Grid-based data archives and computations

12. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Galaxy Morphology: Science Goals Investigate the dynamical state of galaxy clusters Study galaxy evolution within context of large-scale structure Use galaxy morphology as probe of dynamical history: For each galaxy in cluster, calculate three morphological parameters: Surface Brightness Concentration Index Asymmetry Index Compare parameters with other previously measured indicators: magnitude, color, peculiar velocity, position in cluster, x-ray gas emission

13. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Galaxy Morphology: Procedure  Choose a cluster  Obtain images of cluster from the optical & x-ray bands shows 2 views of the large-scale structure of cluster  Create a catalog of galaxies in the cluster collect interesting properties of galaxies from existing catalogs  Obtain images of individual galaxies “cutouts” from larger images using cutout service  Calculate morphology parameters from image cutouts  Merge calculated values into galaxy catalog  Visualize the results

14. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Enabling Standards & Technologies Data Formats – FITS – an existing standard for astronomical images & tables – VOTable – an XML schema for transmitting astronomical tables Data Access Protocols – Cone Search – for searching catalogs by sky position – Simple Image Access (SIA) – to search for/create images based on sky position HTTP Get Queries return VOTable documents prototypes! Grid Technologies – Chimera & Pegasus – virtual data catalog and workflow management Replica Catalog Service – built-in caching of results on the grid – Condor

15. Cluster Galaxy Morphology Analysis Portal 1. User’s Machine web browser User selects a cluster How it works National Center for Supercomputing Applications

16. Cluster Galaxy Morphology Analysis Portal clusters 2.Look up cluster in internally stored catalog 1. User’s Machine web browser User selects a cluster How it works National Center for Supercomputing Applications

17. Cluster Galaxy Morphology Analysis Portal clusters Chandra SIA Skyview SIA DSS SIA 2.Look up cluster in internally stored catalog 1. User’s Machine web browser User selects a cluster 3.X-ray and Optical Images retrieved via SIA interface How it works National Center for Supercomputing Applications

18. Cluster Galaxy Morphology Analysis Portal clusters Chandra SIA Skyview SIA DSS SIA 2.Look up cluster in internally stored catalog 1. User’s Machine web browser User selects a cluster 3.X-ray and Optical Images retrieved via SIA interface How it works 4. User launches grid-based analysis National Center for Supercomputing Applications

19. Cluster Galaxy Morphology Analysis Portal clusters Chandra SIA Skyview SIA DSS SIA 2.Look up cluster in internally stored catalog 1. User’s Machine web browser User selects a cluster 3.X-ray and Optical Images retrieved via SIA interface 4. User launches grid-based analysis NED Cone Search CADC CNOC Cone Search 5.Initial Galaxy Catalog generated via Cone Search How it works National Center for Supercomputing Applications

20. Cluster Galaxy Morphology Analysis Portal clusters Chandra SIA Skyview SIA DSS SIA 2.Look up cluster in internally stored catalog 1. User’s Machine web browser User selects a cluster 3.X-ray and Optical Images retrieved via SIA interface 4. User launches grid-based analysis NED Cone Search CADC CNOC Cone Search 5.Initial Galaxy Catalog generated via Cone Search DSS SIA CNOC SIA 6.Image cutout pointers merged into catalog How it works National Center for Supercomputing Applications

21. Cluster Galaxy Morphology Analysis Portal clusters Chandra SIA Skyview SIA DSS SIA 2.Look up cluster in internally stored catalog 1. User’s Machine web browser User selects a cluster 3.X-ray and Optical Images retrieved via SIA interface 4. User launches grid-based analysis NED Cone Search CADC CNOC Cone Search 5.Initial Galaxy Catalog generated via Cone Search DSS SIA CNOC SIA 6.Image cutout pointers merged into catalog Morphology Calculation Service 7.Morphological parameters calculated on grid for each galaxy How it works National Center for Supercomputing Applications

22. Cluster Galaxy Morphology Analysis Portal clusters Chandra SIA Skyview SIA DSS SIA 2.Look up cluster in internally stored catalog 1. User’s Machine web browser User selects a cluster 3.X-ray and Optical Images retrieved via SIA interface 4. User launches grid-based analysis NED Cone Search CADC CNOC Cone Search 5.Initial Galaxy Catalog generated via Cone Search DSS SIA CNOC SIA 6.Image cutout pointers merged into catalog 8. How it works Morphology Calculation Service 7.Morphological parameters calculated on grid for each galaxy National Center for Supercomputing Applications User downloads final table and images for analysis, visualization

23. National Center for Supercomputing Applications

27. Global Climate Change Major Global Climate Change Concerns Climate Change (“Global Warming”) Stratospheric ozone depletion Impacts on global air quality Biodiversity and biospheric changes Scientific requirements to resolve uncertainty and develop meaningful policy Require extensive use of large datasets from numerical models & many observational programs Require extensive international coordination in the development and analysis of these datasets Climate change as our example

28. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Climate change is one of the biggest issues confronting humanity in the 21 st century n Climate is the averaged trend of weather, or the typically expected conditions Heat trapping gases emitted from human activities are driving significant changes in the climate Climate change magnifies existing health, environmental and social problems

29. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Temperature anomalies = change in temperature relative to 1880-1920 Natural forcing onlyHuman forcing only All forcings Evaluation of the Change in Annual Global Temperature

30. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Projected Global Surface Temperature Response: ~ 1.5 to 5.8 °C by 2100 Relative to 1990 Ensemble of Climate Models Derived Change in Annual Temperature for 2071-2100 relative to 1961-1990

31. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Concerns about Impacts of Climate Change are at the Local to Regional Level Also winds and severe weather events

32. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Assessing Regional Climate Effects Impacts happen locally -- Regional analyses of climate change are essential to evaluating impacts Outputs from the large scale climate model are not adequate –Global climate projections better understood than regional effects. –Global models have grids of roughly 200 km x 200 km or bigger –Need analyses to 10 to 30 km to capture local variations and impacts A complete assessment of climate change on human, ecological, and other systems is complicated by other stresses on these systems – many of which are human-related –Multiple approaches and datasets need to be considered Dynamical downscaling approaches are being developed –Regional scale models at the 10-50 km resolution or incorporation of nested grids at this resolution into global models

33. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Large datasets need to be shared to resolve global change issues Measurement dataset User Satellite Dataset Modeling Dataset User UIUC Russia NCAR China This requires Gbps capacity

34. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Richard M. Crutcher Professor of Astronomy, University of Illinois and Senior Associate Director for Applications, National Center for Supercomputing Applications email: crutcher@ncsa.uiuc.edu