1. Natural Resources Natural Resource is a naturally occurring substance on Earth that is useful – such as wood, oil, air, water. Renewable – substance that is able be replenished by natural processes. Non-renewable – resources that are not able to be replenished or which take an extremely long period of time and are in limited supply. Oil/fossil fuels or soil due to erosion

2. Natural Resources Coal is a solid, black fossil fuel. Coal formed from the remains of plants that grew in swamps millions of years ago. Earth has more coal than any other fossil fuel. Oil is a liquid fossil fuel that formed from the remain of plants and animals that lived long ago. Natural gas is colorless, odorless, gaseous fuel that formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived long ago. Natural gas is usually found with coal or oil.

3. Natural Resources Fossil fuels are the remains of plants & animals that lived long, long ago. Over time, they were buried under layers of earth. Decomposition, pressure and heat transformed them into coal, oil and natural gas. To produce electricity, fossil fuels are burned. The heat is used to produce steam. The steam powers a turbine generator which produces electricity. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable.

4. Mineral Property – physical qualities which help to identify an object. Mineral – 4 properties that helps to identify it: – Naturally occurring, inorganic (never alive) – Is a solid – Definite chemical make-up/composition (H20, NaCl (salt), FeO2 (rust/iron oxide) – Crystalline shape (a regular repeating structure)

5. Mineral Has definite physical properties – color, streak, fracture/cleavage, hardness, luster, density, conductivity, crystal form, transparency, etc. Luster – shininess of a mineral Crystal shape – octahedron (8 sides), cube ( 6 sides,) rhombehedron (6 sides)tetrahedron (4 sides) Transparent/transparency – ability to transmit light clearly so that an object can be seen distinctly through a substance. (glass, clear water) Translucent – semi-transparent – diffuses light (stained glass, block glass, skylights)

6. Mineral Transparent/transparency – ability to transmit light clearly so that an object can be seen distinctly through a substance. (glass, clear water) Translucent – semi-transparent – diffuses light (stained glass, block glass, skylights) Opaque – not able to transmit light (book, desk) Streak – residue left on a ceramic plate after scraping mineral across its surface

7. Mineral Geologist – Scientist who studies rocks and minerals as well as the structure of the Earth. Rock – A naturally occurring solid substance composed of one or more minerals/substances.

8. Minerals & Rocks Rocks are made up of minerals. Sometime the minerals are very small to your sight and various tests must be run to determine the minerals contained in them. Data – Information gathered from an experiment Scientific Method – an orderly, structured manner to perform an experiment

9. Minerals & Rocks Conglomerate – a number of parts held together. Example: concrete Clastic/nonclastic – composed of broken pieces of older rocks(found at bottom of ocean) Extrusive – thrust or forced out (example: lava rock exploding from a volcano which cools on Earth’s surface) obsidian Intrusive – molten rock (magma) which fills up cracks within rock layers but NOT reaching surface. (example: granite)

10. Rock Cycle Rock cycle – How rocks are formed, broken down, and are changed over time. Igneous, sedimentary & metamorphic Igneous – magma – molten rock which has cooled and becomes solid Sedimentary – layers of sediments which have been cemented together through pressure Metamorphic – rock formed as heat and or pressure causes existing rocks to change into new types of rocks