2. SB3C. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.
Early vs. Modern Classification (17.1)
State Standard
SB3C. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.

3. Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 The History of Classification
Classification
Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.

4. Lasted for many years,even though it had major flaws.
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 The History of Classification
Early Classification - Aristotle
More than 2000 years ago, Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification.
Lasted for many years,even though it had major flaws.
Aristotle classified organisms as either animals or plants & believed they couldn’t change

5. Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 The History of Classification
Early Classification – Aristotle cont’d
Animals were classified according to the presence or absence of “red blood.”
Animals were further grouped according to their habitats and morphology (physical characteristics).
Plants were classified by average size and structure as trees, shrubs, or herbs.

6. Early Taxonomy - Linnaeus “Father of Taxonomy”
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 The History of Classification
Early Taxonomy - Linnaeus
“Father of Taxonomy”
18th century Swedish naturalist
Broadened Aristotle’s method into a scientific system.
Carolus Linnaeus
Linnaeus’s system of naming organisms, binomial nomenclature, is still used today.

7. Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 The History of Classification
Early Taxonomy – Linnaeus cont’d
Linnaeus’s system of classification was the first formal system of taxonomy.
Perching bird
Bird of prey
Wading bird

8. Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 The History of Classification
Binomial Nomenclature
Linnaeus’s method of naming organisms, called binomial nomenclature, gives each species a scientific name with two parts.
The first part is the genus name, and the second part is the specific epithet, or specific name, that identifies the species.

10. Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 The History of Classification
Binomial Nomenclature cont’d
Biologists use scientific names for species because common names vary in their use, according to languages & dialects.
Ursus americanus
American black bear

11. Rules of Binomial Nomenclature
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 The History of Classification
Rules of Binomial Nomenclature
Capitalize the first letter of the genus, but the rest of the genus as well as the species are lowercase.
In printed text, the name should be italicized.
When handwriting, both parts of the name should be underlined.
After the stating the name once completely, the genus name will be abbreviated to the first letter in later appearances (e.g., C. cardinalis).

12. Each category is contained within another, and they
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 The History of Classification
Taxonomic Categories
The taxonomic categories used by scientists are part of a nested-hierarchal system.
Each category is contained within another, and they
are arranged from broadest to most specific.

13. Taxonomic Categories cont’d
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 The History of Classification
Taxonomic Categories cont’d
A genus contains related species.
A family contains related genera.
An order contains related families.
A class contains related orders.
A phylum or contains related classes.
A kingdom contains related phyla.
The domain is the broadest of all the taxa and contains one or more kingdoms.

14. What is the term for a named group of organisms?
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
What is the term for a named group of
organisms?
genus
family
phylum
taxon A B C D
CDQ 2

15. Which was the first formal system of
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 Formative Questions
Which was the first formal system of
organizing organisms according to a set
of criteria?
classification
nomenclature
systematics
taxonomy A B C D
FQ 1

16. Which of these is the highest level of classification?
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 Formative Questions
Which of these is the highest level of
classification?
class
family
order
phylum A B C D
FQ 3

17. Which pair of organisms is more closely related?
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Standardized Test Practice
Which pair of organisms is more closely
related?
Quercus alba
Cornus alba
Quercus rubra A B C
1 and 2
2 and 3
1 and 3
STP 2