2. Chapter: Exploring and Classifying Life
Table of Contents
Chapter: Exploring and Classifying Life
Section 1: What is science?
Section 2: Living Things
Section 3: Where does life come from?
Section 4: How are living things classified?

3. What is science? 1
The Work of Science
Science - An organized way of studying things and finding answers to questions.

4. Types of Science 1 Physics – Relationship between energy and matter
What is science? 1
Types of Science
Physics – Relationship between energy and matter
Biology – Study of Living things
Botanists – Plants
Zoologists - Animals

5. Identify and solve problems
What is science? 1
Critical Thinking
Identify and solve problems

6. Scientific Method - series of procedures to solve problems
What is science? 1
Solving Problems
Scientific Method - series of procedures to solve problems

7. What is science? 1
Solving Problems

8. What is science? 1
Controls
Control - Standard to which the outcome of a test is compared.
Variable - Thing in an experiment that can change.

9. What is science? 1
Report Results
Share information

10. Theory – explanation based on scientific knowledge
What is science? 1
Developing Theories
Theory – explanation based on scientific knowledge
Result of many observations and experiments.

11. Less likely to change than theories.
What is science? 1
Laws
Law - Statement about how things work in nature that seems to be true all the time.
Less likely to change than theories.

12. Measuring with Scientific Units
What is science? 1
Measuring with Scientific Units

13. Called the International System of Units, or SI.
What is science? 1
Measuring with Scientific Units
Called the International System of Units, or SI.

14. Laboratory safety – Requirement of the Class
What is science? 1
Safety First
Laboratory safety – Requirement of the Class
Click image to view movie.

15. Section Check 1
Question 1
This diagram shows a way to use scientific methods to solve a problem. According to the diagram, if a hypothesis is not supported by data then you should _______.

16. B. find a different problem to solve C. propose a scientific theory
Section Check 1
change the data so that
they do support the
hypothesis
B. find a different problem to
solve
C. propose a scientific theory
D. revise the hypothesis and
perform new experiments

17. Section Check 1
Answer
The correct answer is D. Scientific methods are an organized way to solve a problem in science. This series of procedures involves forming a hypothesis that can be tested.

18. Section Check 1
Question 2
What is the definition of a control in a scientific experiment?
Answer
A control is the standard to which the outcome of a test will be compared. Controls help you determine how to interpret your data.

19. Section Check 1
Question 3
A statement about how things work in nature that seems to be true all the time is a _______.
A. conclusion
B. hypothesis
C. law
D. variable

20. Section Check 1
Answer
The correct answer is C. Although laws can be modified as more information becomes known, they are less likely to change than theories.

21. Organism - living thing. Have similar traits.
Living Things 2
What are living things like?
Organism - living thing.
Have similar traits.

22. Living Things 2
Living Things Are Organized
Cell - Smallest unit of an organism that carries on the functions of life.

23. Interact with surroundings.
Living Things 2
Living Things Respond
Interact with surroundings.
Stimulus – Causes change
Response – Reaction to stimulus

24. Homeostasis - Ability to maintain internal stability
Living Things 2
Living Things Respond
Homeostasis - Ability to maintain internal stability

25. All energy comes from the Sun
Living Things 2
Living Things Use Energy
All energy comes from the Sun

26. Living Things Use Energy2
Living Things Use Energy

27. Living Things Grow and Develop2
Living Things Grow and Develop
Growth - Increase in number of cells or size of cells
Development – Physiological Changes

28. Organisms create offspring to maintain a population
Living Things 2
Living Things Reproduce
Organisms create offspring to maintain a population

29. Surroundings provide for all an organism’s needs.
Living Things 2
A Place to Live
Surroundings provide for all an organism’s needs.

30. Living Things 2
Raw Materials
You are made of 60 to 70 percent water.

31. Raw Materials 2 Organisms – Made mostly of proteins, fats, and sugars.
Living Things 2
Raw Materials
Organisms – Made mostly of proteins, fats, and sugars.
Materials – Recycled when organisms die

32. Section Check 2
Question 1
What is the smallest unit in a cat that carries on the functions of life?
Answer
The cell is the smallest unit. All organisms are composed of cells. Cells take in materials from their surroundings and use them in complex ways.

33. Section Check 2
Question 2
Pulling your hand back when you accidentally touch a hot pan on the stove is an example of what characteristic of living things?
A. growth and development
B. organization
C. reproduction
D. response to stimuli

34. Section Check 2
Answer
The correct answer is D. The hot pan is an example of a stimulus. Living things can respond to both external and internal stimuli.

35. Section Check 2
Question 3
Give an example of two raw materials that you need to survive.
Answer
Some possible answers include: water, food, and oxygen. Some bacteria and plants can make food from raw materials in their surroundings.

36. Biogenesis - Living things come only from other living things
Where does life come from? 3
Life Comes from Life
Spontaneous generation – Original theory that organisms came from nonliving sources
Biogenesis - Living things come only from other living things

37. Section Check 3
Question 1
This diagram shows an experiment Louis Pasteur conducted with boiled broth and S-necked flasks. Why did microbes only grow in the bottom flask?

38. Section Check 3
Answer
Microbes from the air settled out at the bottom of the S-neck and only entered the broth when it was tilted so that the broth touched this area. This experiment by Pasteur helped disprove the theory of spontaneous generation.

39. Section Check 3
Question 2
Which one of the following examples supports the theory of biogenesis?
A. kittens are produced from cats
B. milk is produced by cows
C. rain is produced by rain clouds
D. stimuli produce responses

40. Section Check 3
Answer
The correct answer is A. The theory of biogenesis states that living things come only from other living things.

41. Section Check 3
Question 3
What did Alexander Oparin suggest about Earth’s early atmosphere?

42. Section Check 3
Answer
He suggested that it contained no oxygen but was made up of the gases ammonia, hydrogen, methane, and water vapor. He hypothesized that these gases could have combined to produce compounds found in living things.

43. Classification - Organizing things into groups.
How are living things classified? 4
Classification
Classification - Organizing things into groups.

44. History of Classification
How are living things classified? 4
History of Classification
Aristotle – Organized organisms into plants and Animals
Animals - hair or no hair, four legs or few legs, and blood or no blood.

45. Linnaeus 4 Carolus Linnaeus – Grouped organisms based on similarities
How are living things classified? 4
Linnaeus
Carolus Linnaeus – Grouped organisms based on similarities

46. Modern Classification
How are living things classified? 4
Modern Classification
Scientists study
Fossils
Hereditary information
Early stages of development.
Phylogeny - Evolutionary history of an organism (How it has changed over time)

47. Six Kingdoms 4 A kingdom is the first and largest category.
How are living things classified? 4
Six Kingdoms
A kingdom is the first and largest category.

48. Species- Organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring.
How are living things classified? 4
Six Kingdoms
Species- Organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring.

49. Binomial Nomenclature
How are living things classified? 4
Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature
Two-word naming system
Developed by Linnaeus

50. Binomial Nomenclature
How are living things classified? 4
Binomial Nomenclature
Genus - group of similar species.
Species – a group of organisms that produce
fertile offspring

51. Dichotomous keys – Give 2 choices that lead to classification
How are living things classified? 4
Tools for Identifying Organisms
Dichotomous keys – Give 2 choices that lead to classification

52. Section Check 4
Question 1
Over 2,000 years ago, Aristotle developed a system to classify all organisms _______.
A. as either plant or animal.
B. based on fossils.
C. into six different kingdoms.
D. using binomial nomenclature.

53. Section Check 4
Answer
The correct answer is A. Aristotle broke these two groups into smaller groups. Two of his smaller groups of animals would have been animals with hair and those with no hair.

54. Section Check 4
Question 2
What word is used to describe the evolutionary history of an organism?
Answer
The word is phylogeny. Phylogeny explains how an organism has changed over time and is the basis for the modern classification of many organisms.

55. Section Check 4
Question 3
Acer rubrum is the scientific name for a red maple tree. This name is an example of _______.
A. a dichotomous key
B. a hypothesis
C. binomial nomenclature
D. spontaneous generation

56. Section Check 4
Answer
The correct answer is C. Binomial nomenclature is the system used by modern scientists to name organisms. The first part of the scientific name identifies the genus of the organism.

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58. End of Chapter Summary File