1. CLASSIFICATION
Organization of things/organisms into related groups based on similarities

2. Taxonomy Branch of Biology concerned with…
Grouping and naming of organisms according to characteristics and evolutionary history

3. HISTORY-ARISTOTLE First to classify organisms Greek Philosopher
350 B.C.

4. Aristotle’s Classification
Plants
BY SIZE
Trees
Shrubs
Herbs
Animals
BY HABITAT
Water
Land
Air

5. Carolus Linnaeus 1700’s Swedish botanist
Parents wanted him to be a priest like father
Studied medicine and many other things
Noted for being instrumental in classifying organisms

6. Linnaeus and Classification
Used morphology (form and structure) to group
Ex- flowering plant’s reproductive systems – asexual or sexual reproduction
2 groups - plants and animals
Used Scientific Names ( Latin)
Binomial Nomenclature: 2 name naming system
Genus and species

7. Why Latin? Language of educated in his day
Still use it because no longer spoken language so it will never change
No slang words
Universal understanding

8. What is it?
Cougar, Puma, Panther, Mountain Lion, Catamount

9. Common Name -Common Name -confusing/misleading Ex. Polecat
-doesn’t show relationships
-more than one name

10. Scientific Name Latin Standard name -show relationships
Ex: Felis concolor Puma concolor
Italics or underline
Genus capitalized

11. Why Classify?
1. Shows relationships between living and once living things
2. Brings order to diversity
3. Explains evolutionary patterns
4. Gives organisms specific names
5. Provides means to identify unknown organisms

12. Classification Categories (taxa) 7 levels of organization
Each one is smaller than the previous one
(fewer types of organisms)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order-
Family
Genus
Species-single organism that can reproduce with one another
Varieties -subset of species - peaches, nectarines
Subvarieties-variation of a species in diff geographic areas

13. Human Taxa Kingdom animalia Phylum chordata Class mammalia
Order primate
Family hominidae
Genus Homo
Species sapiens

15. Use of Evolution to determine Relationships
Check it out!!

16. Phylogenic Trees Shows evolutionary history of species
Determined by shared characteristics:
structures: larval forms and embryos
biochemistry: # amino acids in common
behavior patterns: habitats and mating calls
cell organization: prokaryote/eukaryote

19. Problems with classifying
Many organisms have similar structure
Isolation may make organisms unique
New discoveries made constantly
Organisms may fit into more than one category
Man-made system (human error)

20. Linking organisms together
The more categories in common the closer the relationships

21. 6 Kingdoms
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Protista Fungi
Plants Animals

22. Key Terms
Prokaryote- unicellular, without membrane bound organelles, no true nucleus
Eukaryote-organism with membrane bound organelles
Autotroph-organism capable of making organic nutrients directly from inorganic
Hetertroph- organism that gets energy from other sources other than itself

23. Monerans ( 5 kingdom system)
Archaebacteria ( in 6 kingdom) Eubacteria ( in 6 kingdom)

24. Archaebacteria Unicellular, prokaryote, anaerobic, and aerobic
Adapted to extreme environments (temp, acidity, salinity)
Binary fission
Some autotrophic (chemosynthesis)

25. Eubacteria Unicellular, prokaryotes, anaerobic and aerobic
Binary fission
Heterotrophs , some photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
Cell walls (different from plants)
Bacteria and blue green bacteria

26. Protista Eukaryotes (membrane bound organelles)
Single celled and multicellular
Plant-like, fungus-like, animal-like
Lack specialized tissue
Live in moist areas
Autotrophic and heterotrophic
Some with cell walls
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Ex: amoeba, paramecium, euglena algae

27. Fungus Heterotrophic, unicellular (yeast) and multicellular eukaryotes
Absorbs nutrients-dead matter
Cell wall chitin
Sexual/asexual reproduction
Mostly terrestrial
Ex: mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, mildew, mold

28. Plantae Multicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotic Mostly terrestrial
Specialized tissues and organs
Cell walls of cellulose
Chlorophyll in chloroplasts
Alternation of generations between diploid and haploid
Ex: moss, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

29. Animalia Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes
Specialized tissues, some have organs and
organ systems
Nutrition by ingestion
Sexual reproduction based on meiosis
No cell walls or chloroplasts
Sensory structures or organs
Muscle systems for movement
Aquatic or terrestrial

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