1. TAXONOMY
&
KINGDOMS
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2. Important Vocabulary 1. Taxonomy: science of classification
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Important Vocabulary
1. Taxonomy: science of classification
Binomial nomenclature: two name naming system
Prokaryotic: cells without nucleus
Eukaryotic: cells with a nucleus
Autotroph: organism capable capturing energy from sunlight or chemicals & produces its own food
Heterotroph: organism that obtains its energy from food it consumes

3. Vocabulary Unicellular – organism is made of only one cell
Multicellular – many celled organism
Invertebrate – 90% of all animals lack a backbone- ex’s sponges, worms, mollusks, arthropods (insects), echinoderms (star fish)
Vertebrates – includes all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

4. Finding Order in Diversity
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Finding Order in Diversity
1. Why Classify?
To study the diversity of life
Taxonomy: science of classification
2. Why organisms are given scientific names--
Common names are misleading
jellyfish
silverfish
star fish
None of these animals are fish!
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5. Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms
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Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms
Some organisms have several common names
This cat is commonly known as:
Florida panther
Mountain lion
Puma
Cougar
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Scientific name means “coat of one color”
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6. Aristotle: The First to Classify
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Aristotle: The First to Classify
1. Aristotle: 1st to classify
Divided organisms into 2 groups --
Plant or animal
Divided animals into 2 groups--
Blooded or bloodless
Grouped organisms together that were not related
2. Aristotle’s system remained unchanged for 2,000 years!
Aristotle
Aristotle grouped jellyfish & clown fish together because they lived in the water. However, these organisms are not closely related.
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7. Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy
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Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy
1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature
Two name naming system
Gave organisms 2 names
Genus and species
Genus: noun species: adjective
Genus capitalized
species not capitalized
Both names are italicized or underlined
EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man
Each organism is given a scientific name – even newly discovered species
Carolus Linnaeus
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8. Linnaeus’s System is Hierarchical
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Linnaeus’s System is Hierarchical
Most Inclusive
Kingdom
Which of the following contains all of the others?
Family c. Class
Species d. Order
Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same:
Family c. Order
Genus d. Species
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Least Inclusive
Species
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9. Classification Scheme
Domain—all organisms
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species—one type of organism

10. Classification Scheme
Domain—all organisms
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species—one type of organism
DOMAIN
BROAD, MOST INCLUSIVE
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
SPECIFIC, LEAST INCLUSIVE

11. Hierarchical Ordering of Classification
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Hierarchical Ordering of Classification
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Red fox
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are excluded – species is least inclusive!
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
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12. Classification Scheme
Kingdom King
Phylum Philip
Class Comes
Order Over
Family For
Genus Good
Species spaghetti

13. Humans
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordate
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Homidae
Genus Homo
Species sapien

14. Bonobo
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordate
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Pongidae
Genus Pan
Species paniscus

15. House Cat
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordate
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
Genus Felis
Species domesticus

16. Lion
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordate
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
Genus Panthera (Felis)
Species leo

17. Housefly
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insect
Order Diptera
Family Muscidae
Genus Musca
Species domestica

18. Eubacteria

19. Eubacteria Streptococcus Escherichia coli Salmonella Staph Infection
(coccus-round shaped)
Escherichia coli
(bacillus-rod shaped)
Salmonella
Strep throat
Staph Infection
Spirillum-spiral shaped

20. Flesh Eating Bacteria

21. Eubacteria- True Bacteria
Unicellular- lacks internal organelles
Prokaryotic- small cells
Autotroph & Heterotroph
True Bacteria
Decomposers- in soil and water & Pathogens - (ex. food poisoning)
In Domain Bacteria
Ex. Staphylococcus, streptococcus, tuberculosis, pertussis, diptheria

22. Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Bacterial Cell Shapes --A bacteria is one of three shapes: rod-shaped (bacillus), round-shaped (coccus), and spiral-shaped (spirillum).
Bacterial Toxins-- Bacteria can cause disease by releasing toxins, which damage their host.
Biowarfare-- Biowarfare is the deliberate exposure of people to biological toxins or pathogens such as bacteria or viruses.
Fighting Bacteria --Bacterial disease can be fought with soap, chemicals, and antibiotics.
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria-- Mutations that allow resistance to antibiotics are strongly favored in bacterial populations being treated with an antibiotic.

23. Slide # 9
Kingdom Eubacteria
E. coli
Streptococcus
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24. Archaebacteria

25. Archaebacteria- Ancient Bacteria
Unicellular (single cell)- lacks internal organelles
Believed to given rise to Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic- simple, small cells
Heterotrophic
Found in extreme environments
In Domain Archaea
Ex. Halophiles (salt loving), thermophiles (heat loving), methanogens (methane gas producing)

26. Kingdom Archaebacteria: Live in Extreme Habitats
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Kingdom Archaebacteria: Live in Extreme Habitats
Bacillus infernus lives in deep sea vents in the ocean – obtains energy from Earth’s heat
Also called extremophiles
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27. Protista

28. Protista
Amoeba
Paramecium
Diatoms

29. Protista Unicellular- (some Multicellular)
Eukaryotic- (More complex cells)
Autotrophic & Heterotrophic
***Source of food for larger organisms***
Mostly found in water, move via flagella, cilia or pseudopods
A few are Pathogenic/parasitic
Ex. Euglena, Algae-(photosynthetic), Paramecium, Amoeba, Protozoan-(heterotrophic)

30. Kingdom Protista: Very Diverse
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Paramecium
Green algae
Amoeba
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31. Fungi

32. ATHLETE’S FOOT
Fungi
RING WORM

33. Fungi
Multicellular
(except yeast--they are unicellular)
Eukaryotic
ALL Heterotrophic
NOT PLANTS: NO CHOLORPHYLL!!!, (but have cell walls made of chitin)
Decomposers- secretes enzymes into food to decay it, and then absorb it for nutrients
Ex. Ringworms, Athletes Foot, Fungus, Mushrooms, Rust, Mildew, Mold

34. Kingdom Fungi: Unusual Heterotrophs
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Kingdom Fungi: Unusual Heterotrophs
Mildew on Leaf
Mushroom
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35. Plantae
FLOWERS
FERNS
MOSS
CONE TREES

36. Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic- Complex cells
Autotrophic- use Sun for making food!(Photosynthesis)
Have roots, stems, and leaf-like structures, cell walls- (made of cellulose), chloroplast,
Used for food sources, O2, nutrients, medicines, etc…
Ex. Moss, Ferns, Trees- Conifers, oaks, etc…, Shrubs, Flowers, Fruits

37. Kingdom Plantae: The Last to Evolve!
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Kingdom Plantae: The Last to Evolve!
Ferns : seedless vascular
Douglas fir: seeds in cones
Sunflowers: seeds in flowers
Mosses growing on trees
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38. Animalia

39. Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophic
Mouth & structure for movement &/or capture of food, such as legs, tentacles, muscles, etc…
Ex. Sponges, Worms, Jelly Fish, Star fish, molluscks, snails, oysters, squid, arthropods, Spiders, insescts, Rabbits, Humans, etc…

40. Kingdom Animalia Bumble bee jellyfish Sage grouse hydra
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Kingdom Animalia
Bumble bee
jellyfish
Sage grouse
hydra
Poison dart frog
sponge
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41. Phylum Characteristics Examples Porifera No tissues, filter water
sponges
Cnidaria
First with tissues, have stinging cells
Corals, sea anemones, jellyfish
3 phyla of worms
Bilateral symmetry, no legs
Flatworms, roundworms, annelids (segmented worms)

42. Mollusca
Soft bodies,
No shell 
One shell 
Two shells 
Squid and octopus
Snail
Oysters, clams, mussels
Echinoderms
Radial symmetry, water vascular system
Starfish, sea fans, sea cucumbers
Arthropods
Exoskeleton, segmented appendages
Insects, crustaceans, arachnids, millipedes and centipedes

43. And last but not least . . . Chordates (vertebrates) Backbone
Fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds mammals
And last but not least . . .

44. 1st step: Classify / Group into 2 groups
2nd step: Classify / Group EACH group into 2 groups
3rd step: Classify / Group Each group that still has different members into 2 groups