1. BY: AARTI SHINDE JYOTI SHUKLA MANISH PILLAI SARANYA NAIR

2.  A centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by a motor, that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying force perpendicular to the axis.

3.  Early instruments were hand powered, but in 1912, with the introduction of electric centrifuges, that changed. The early centrifuges were mostly used for non-biological applications, such as separating milk and collecting precipitates.

4. MOTOR DRIVER MOTOR TEST TUBES ATMEGA 8KEYPAD LCD DISPLAY POWER SUPPLY

7.  The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centrifugal force is used to separate substances of greater and less density.  Basis of separation:  Size  Shape  Density

8.  Let us consider a body of mass m rotating in a circular path of radius r at a velocity v. The force acting on the body in a radial direction is given by:  The same body experiencing gravitational force. This can be expressed as, G = mg

9. The centrifugal effect is the ratio of the two forces, so that: C = F / G = mv 2 / mgr = v 2 / gr But v = 2πrn So, F / G = (2πrn) 2 / gr = 4π 2 r 2 n 2 / gr = 2 π 2 n 2 d / g ------------------------ (1) g = 9.807 m/s^2 Centrifugal effect = 2.013 n 2 d Provided that n is expressed in s -1 and d is in meter.

10. Suspension In process Induced gravitational field Precipitate Supernatant Separation complete  Pellet  Supernatant  Relative centrifugal force or Centrifugal effect

11. A centrifuge is comprised of two major components  The drive mechanism The drive mechanism is the source of rotary motion, and is powered by an electric motor, by air pressure, or by oil turbines, depending upon the type of centrifuge.  The Motor The motor is the large rotating element of a centrifuge into or onto which samples are loaded. It is driven about a fixed axis (or shaft) by the drive mechanism, with expenditure of large amounts of energy.

13.  Fixed Angle Rotor

14.  Swinging Bucket Rotor

15.  Production of bulk drugs  Production of biological products  Biopharmaceutical analysis of drugs  Evaluation of suspension and emulsion  Blood plasma is separated from whole blood  Different particle size fractions are separated by using control of speed of rotation and rate of flow

16.  Faster and reliable  Several specimens can be centrifuged at ago e.g. blood &urine  Not tiresome as compared to manual centrifuge machine  Safe once the specimen are enclosed into the machine

17.  Time wasting to the patient  Exhausting of the laboratory technician  Specimens may spill out of the test tubes  The capacity is limited.

18.  Thus, we can see that the centrifuge machine is an essential medical device for every biological and clinical laboratory as well as medical practice.  The centrifuge may seem a rather common machine, but newer models have become more complex, as higher speeds have become necessary for certain processes and applications and as more precise controls are needed.

19.  Basic medical laboratory techniques - Page 69 Basic medical laboratory techniques - Page 69 by Barbara H. Estridge by Barbara H. Estridge, Anna P. Reynolds, Norma J. WaltersAnna P. ReynoldsNorma J. Walters  Fundamentals Of Bioanalytical Techniques And Instrumentation - Page 118 Fundamentals Of Bioanalytical Techniques And Instrumentation - Page 118 by Ghosal & Srivastava  Basic Clinical Laboratory Techniques - Page 85 Basic Clinical Laboratory Techniques - Page 85 by Barbara H. Estridgeby Barbara H. Estridge, Anna P. ReynoldsAnna P. Reynolds

20. Thank You…