1. Taxonomy

2. Taxonomy I. Definition: The study of classification A. Why group things? 1. Easier to find information about an organism 2. Easier to identify an organism 3. Shows evolutionary relationships II. Historical Background A. Aristotle - (350 B.C.) First scientist to group organisms as either plants or animals

3. B. Carolus Linnaeus (Karl Linne 1701-1778) “Father of Modern Taxonomy” 1. Grouped organisms according to their structural similarities 2. Developed a “Binomial Nomenclature” system for identifying every organism Binomial = two word Nomenclature = naming system

4. III. Binomial Nomenclature Rules A. Names are in Latin Why? Why? B. First name is the Genus, the second name is the species C. Genus is Capitalized and species is not. D. Both names are either italicized or underlined e.g. Canis familiarus and Homo sapien

5. IV. Modern Taxonomy A. We still look at structural similarities, but we also look at: 1. Homologous structures - suggests common ancestor

6. 2. Developmental stages - from embryo to adult; the more similar the stages, the closer they are taxonomically

7. 3. DNA Evidence – shows how closely species are related to each other and their taxonomic relationship What is the closest terrestrial relative of the whale?

8. V. Classification Categories (taxa) A. Different levels from the most general characteristics to more specific characteristics B. Eight levels of taxonomy are: Domain Eukarya Animalia Mammalia Primata Homideae Chordata Homo sapien Kingdom Phylum Family Species Class Order Genus

9. VI. Three Domains (developed in 1990) A. Archaea- Kingdom Archaebacteria B. Bacteria- Kingdom Eubacteria C. Eukarya- Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia VII. Six Kingdoms A. Kingdom Archaebacteria (archae =“ancient”) 1. Prokaroytes, no nucleus, unicellular, autotroph or heterotroph 2. Ex: Extremophiles (bacteria that live in extreme places)

10. B. Kingdom Eubacteria 1. Prokaroytes, no nucleus, unicellular, autotroph or heterotroph 2. Ex: Streptococcus and E. coli, (“germs”) C. Kingdom Protista 1. Simple, many are unicellular, no specialization of tissues Protozoans Algae

11. D. Kingdom Fungi 1. Multicellular organisms that have a cell wall and absorb food through the cell wall. 2. Ex: mushrooms, molds and yeast E. Kingdom Plantae 1. Multicellular organisms, contain chlorophyll, have organs and tissues, autotrophs F. Kingdom Animalia 1. Multicellular organisms, heterotrophs, have organs and tissues

12. Classification Movie