1. http://blog.nanovic.com.au/2006/11/23/nano-flowers/ Three-dimensional Silicon composite nanostructures, taken with a scanning electron microscope.

2. A Brief History In the history of the human race, we have developed many instruments to help us see things which are invisible to the human eye. First telescope - ~1600 developed by a Dutch spectacle maker named Hans Lippershey First compound microscope - ~1590, developed by Dutch spectacle makers; Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans. Lippershey http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Lippershey.jpg Janssen http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200403/images/microscope_inventor.jpg

3. Optical Microscopes Optical (light) microscopes Scale of about 200 nm. 3 Not small enough for nanotechnology http://www.microscopeworld.com/MSWorld/images/scopeparts.jpg

4. Types of Microscopes 4 Scanning Electron Microscopes oShoot a thin electron beam at surface and look at the reflection of those electrons oMap topography (surface) of sample Transmission Electron Microscopes oPass electrons through sample whose interactions produce an image on a screen oRequire careful sample preparation Scanning Probe Microscopes oUse a physical probe to either touch or come close to touching the sample oMostly give information about the topography of the sample

5. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rpi.edu/dept/materials/COURSES/NANO/shaw/BigSEM.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.rpi.edu/dept/materials/COURSES/NANO/s haw/Page5.html&h=675&w=621&sz=18&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=MEIi0w9m33rDjM:&tbnh=138&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSEM%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz %3D1T4SUNA_enUS222US254%26sa%3DN SEM

6. TEM http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rpi.edu/dept/materials/COURSES/NANO/shaw/BigSEM.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.rpi.edu/dept/materials/COURSES/NANO/s haw/Page5.html&h=675&w=621&sz=18&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=MEIi0w9m33rDjM:&tbnh=138&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSEM%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz %3D1T4SUNA_enUS222US254%26sa%3DN

7. SPM http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~menunez/ResearchPage/AFM_mechanism.gif

8. SEM Fly Head http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/labs/ebeam/images/sem8.jpg TEM Fly Head http://www.optics.rochester.edu/workgroups/cml/opt307/spr05/chris/fly_eye_anaglyph_great2.jpg Electron Microscope Images

9. Atomic Force Microscope A type of SPM oResolution of fractions of a nanometer oUses a cantilever with a carbon nanotube tip or similar object for probe oHas three modes for data collection AFM Cantilever and Tip

10. Three Modes of AFM 5 Static Mode oDrags tip of probe across surface oFriction causes deterioration of tip Dynamic or Tapping Mode oCantilever is oscillated at a resonance frequency oAmplitude of oscillation is used to determine topography Force Spectroscopy oMeasures the magnetic field within a sample

11. AFM Images Silicon 77 pm resolution http://www.physik.uni-regensburg.de/forschung/giessibl/fjg/imagegallery/afmimages/AFM-image-silicon-111-tip-19052003053031.jpg

12. Graphite 2 x 2 nm 2 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.physik.uni-regensburg.de/forschung/giessibl/fjg/imagegallery/afmimages/afm-image- graphite.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.physik.uni- regensburg.de/forschung/giessibl/fjg/imagegallery/afmimages/afmimages_e.shtml&h=1765&w=1771&sz=2369&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=Jph yWpgBLXnguM:&tbnh=149&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3DAFM%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GGIH_enUS270US285%26sa% 3DN

13. Chromosome http://www.nanopicoftheday.org/images/ChromosomeAFM.jpg

14. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afm_cd-rom.jpg/753px-Afm_cd-rom.jpg cd-rom CD-ROM

15. Bromine atoms http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wired.com/images/slideshow/2008/02/nano_microscope/07_bromine_atoms.jpg&imgrefurl=htt p://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/multimedia/2008/02/nano_gallery_jmm%3Fslide%3D7&h=580&w=580&sz=107&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbn id=iuBVY9_hGCIZQM:&tbnh=134&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbromine%2Bnano%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GGIH_enUS2 70US285

16. Bibliography 1 http://www.omni-optical.com/telescope/ut104.htmhttp://www.omni-optical.com/telescope/ut104.htm 2http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/microscope.htmhttp://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/microscope.htm 3http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/GeetikaKumar.shtmlhttp://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/GeetikaKumar.shtml 4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope 5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope