2. fundamental constants

4. first basic constant in physics

5. second basic constant Discovery of electron

6. Arnold Sommerfeld, 1916 third constant

8. 8

9. 15.12.1958 Nr. 137 Kantonspital Zuerich Wolfgang Pauli

11. electroweak theory QED Weak Interactions

13. 1 mass of weak boson 1 mass of “Higgs” boson 2 coupling constants 1 electron mass

15. 6 quarks

21. proton mass field energy (gluons and quarks)

24. fundamental constant:

25. 7 fundamental constants in strong interactions

28. Standard Theory

30. Newtons constant G 1 fine structure constant 1 coupling constant of strong interaction 1 coupling constant of weak interaction 1 mass of W boson 1 mass of Higgs boson 1 masses of 6 quarks and 6 leptons 12 flavor mixing of quarks 4 flavor mixing of leptons 6

32. weak bosons quarks leptons Higgs boson ?

34. alpha depends on energy

37.  1.8 billion years  1.8 billion years 3.7% U 235 3.7% U 235 (today 0.72 %) (today 0.72 %) Moderator: water from river Oklo Moderator: water from river Oklo

40. Change of alpha: (if no other parameters change) (if no other parameters change) ==> constraint questionable

41. Time variation of natural constants?Time variation of natural constants? fine structure atomic levels Quasars 5 -11 billion light years

42. Quasar absorption spectra Light

44. fine structure: Fe, Ni, Mg, Sn, A

46. Grand Unification electroweak interactions QCDQCD

48. grand unification 1/ coupling constant

50. grand unification

51. grand unfication

52. Grand unification

53. Calmet, Fritzsch Langacker, Segre (2002)

55. Change of magnetic moments of atomic nuclei per year

56. Change ( unification scale )

58. Cesium clocks Cesium clocks

59. Hyperfine transition Hyperfine transition  magnetic moment  magnetic moment of cesium nucleus of cesium nucleus  time change  time change of QCD scale of QCD scale

60. Difference: 3 oscillations per day

65. MPQ-Experiment 486 nm dye laser in hydrogen spectrometer Reference: cesium clock Pharao LPTF Paris Hydrogen: 1s-2s transition 2 466 061 413 187 127 (18) Hz

68. simultaneous change unified coupling constant + unification scale ( E. Witten)

70. superstring theories partial cancellation

73. Reinhold et al. PRL 96 (2006) 2 quasars - 12 billion years 

74. same sign as MPQ result

75. The masses of atomic nuclei will depend on time!

76. 28 constants 28 constants 14 constants 14 constants  mass parameters  mass parameters

77. time variation time variation alpha alpha time variation time variation QCD scale QCD scale

79. many fundamental many fundamental „constants“ „constants“  functions of time ?

83. Murray Gell-Mann Fundamental Constants Cosmic Accidents ?