1. Reproduction in Humans
(f) identify on diagrams of the male reproductive system and give the functions of: testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis
(g) identify on diagrams of the female reproductive system and give the functions of: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina
(h) briefly describe the menstrual cycle with reference to the alternation of menstruation and ovulation, the natural variation in its length, and the fertile and infertile phases of the cycle, with reference to the roles of estrogen and progesterone only
(i) briefly describe fertilisation and early development of the zygote simply in terms of the formation of a ball of cells which becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus
(j) discuss the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and methods by which it may be controlled

2. Male Reproductive System
seminal vesicle
sperm duct
prostate gland
urethra
penis
testis
scrotum
Front view

3. Male Reproductive System
prostate gland
seminal vesicle
penis
urethra
Left side view
testis
scrotum

4. Male Reproductive System
Parts
Function
Testes
Produce sperms
Produce male hormones, such as testosterone
Scrotum
Support and protect the testes.
It’s at slightly lower temperature for normal development of sperm
Seminal vesicle
Store sperms temporarily
Sperm ducts
Transport sperms to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation
Prostate gland
Contains fluid which is rich in nutrients and enzymes to nourish the sperms and activate them
Urethra
Carries semen and urine to outside of the body
Penis
Enter the vagina of a woman during sexual intercourse to deposit semen

5. Male Reproductive System
Sperm
Produced in testis
Millions are released during ejaculation
Swim around in semen
Head: contain nucleus, with haploid set of chromosome
Tail: Beating movement of tail enables it to swim
Path taken by sperm during ejaculation
Testis  sperm duct  urethra  deposited in vagina

6. Female Reproductive System
oviduct
ovary
uterus
uterine lining
cervix
vagina
vulva
Front view

7. Female Reproductive System
oviduct
ovary
uterus
uterine lining
cervix
vagina
Left side view
vulva

8. Female Reproductive System
Parts
Function
Ovaries
Produces eggs
Produces female sex hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone.
Oviducts/ fallopian tube
where egg is fertilised
Uterus
where the fetus or unborn baby develops during pregnancy
Cervix
enlarges to allow passage of the fetus during birth
Vagina
Where semen is deposited during sexual intercourse

9. Female Reproductive System
Egg/ Ovum
Produced by ovary
Only 1 mature egg is released into oviduct after menses in the menstrual cycle

10. Sperm VS Egg Sperm Egg Produced by testes Produced by ovaries Small
Larger than sperm
Millions are released
Only one is released monthly
Has a tail to enable it to swim
Cannot move by itself

11. Menstrual Cycle 1 2 3 4 (Day 1–5) (Day 6–13) (Day 14) (Day 15–28)
Menstrual flow stage
(Day 1–5) 1
oestrogen causes uterine lining to grow and thicken
Follicle stage
(Day 6–13) 2
progesterone causes uterine lining to thicken further and become well-supplied with blood, preparing it for the fertilised egg.
repair of uterine lining
Ovulation
(Day 14)
menstruation 3
Corpus luteum stage
(Day 15–28) 4

12. Menstrual Cycle Menstrual flow stage
Breakdown of uterine lining and discharged through the vagina
Follicle stage
- Oestrogen secreted for repair and build of uterine lining
- Ovary produce eggs
Ovulation
Ovulation day/Most fertile day: day 14
Mature egg released into oviduct
Progesterone secreted to maintain thickness of the uterine lining and ensure it is well-supplied with blood vessels. This prepare the uterus for implantation of zygote if fertilisation is successful.
Corpus luteum stage
- When there is no fertilisation, less progesterone secreted. Hence, uterine lining thickness is no longer maintained and breaks down.

13. Menstrual Cycle Oestrogen Progesterone menstruation ovulation
Concentration of hormones in blood
Thickness of uterine lining
Days 5 14 28
Oestrogen
Progesterone
oestrogen
progesterone
uterine lining grows and thickens
menstruation
ovulation

14. Menstrual Cycle Fertile period: Day 11 to 16
Infertile period: remaining days
Why is fertile period longer than just the day of ovulation: Sperm can survive up to 2days so en egg released two days after sexual intercourse can still be fertilised.
Factors affecting length of menstrual cycle:
Stress, Unbalanced diet, Mental fatigue, Illness, Malnutrition

15. Given a 28-day menstrual cycle,
Date of end of menstruation: X + 4
Date of ovulation: X + 13
Date of next cycle: X + 28
Example:
Susan had her first day of menses on 3 Jan.
(a) When would she expect bleeding to end: 7 Jan (Day 5)
(b) When is the most fertile day: 16 Jan (day 14)
(c) Next first day of menses: 31 Jan (28 days later)
(d) Which dates fall within infertile period: 13 Jan to 18 Jan (day 11 to day 16)

16. Fertilisation
Fertilisation: Fusion of male nucleus in sperm with female nucleus in egg to form a zygote
After sexual intercourse, sperms are deposited in the vagina. The sperms swim up the uterus and move into the oviduct. A sperm will enter the egg to fertilise it.
Egg + sperm  Zygote  Embryo
Implantation: Embryo moves down from oviduct to uterus, where it embeds itself into the uterine lining.

17. HIV/ AIDS
HIV is spread by transfer of blood from an infected person to a non-infected person
Transmission:
sexual intercourse with an infected person.
sharing a needle with an infected person e.g.
when drug addicts share their needles
Unsterilised needles used for tattooing, acupuncture or ear-piercing
blood transfusion with blood from an infected person.
Infected mothers to their babies during and after birth (breastfeeding)

18. HIV/ AIDS Prevention and control
Have only one sex partner in a lifetime
Use condom during sexual intercourse
Avoid sharing of instruments that may be contaminated with blood
Avoid drug abuse as drug addicts tend to share needles
Test all pregnant woman for HIV