1. History of Healthcare

2. Primitive Illness caused by evil spirits / demons
Herbs / Plants used as medicine
Average life span = 20 years old
Trepanation
Boring a hole into the skull
Treated headaches, epilepsy, & insanity
Used up into the 1800’s

3. Primitive Time Period
Trepanation

4. Ancient Egyptians Physicians were priests who studied medicine
Healing came from calling on the “gods”
Average life span = 20 – 30 years old
Body has “channels”
If “channels” are clogged, bloodletting used

5. Bloodletting
Used up into the 1800’s

6. Ancient Chinese Searched for medical reasons for illness
Believed the need to treat the whole body (holistic care)
Average life span = 20 – 30 years old
Treatments used
Acupuncture
Moxibustion (heated herb)

7. Acupuncture Moxibustion
Still used today; considered alternative medicine

8. Ancient Greek
Modern medical science begins (observing the body; effects of disease)
Diseases / Infections were a result of natural causes
Stressed diet & cleanliness
Average life span = 25 – 35 years old
Treatments
Art therapy, Herbal therapy

9. Art Therapy
The poem (above left) was written by a student participating in Callanwolde's art therapy programs. The hand-made tile mosaic (above right) was created by Cystic Fibrosis patients in our art therapy programs.

10. Pet Therapy

11. Hippocrates Founder of Greek Medical School
Greek physician (Father of Medicine)
Developed the Oath of Medical Ethics
First to describe symptoms of pneumonia
Believed the body must be treated as a whole
Believed thoughts, feelings, emotions came from the brain – not the heart

12. Ancient Romans Public sanitation & health systems
Treatment = diet, exercise, & medication
Average life span = 25 – 35 years old

13. Claudius Galen Physician (after Hippocrates) in Rome
4 humor theory (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile)
Studied dissections & documented his research
Appointed to be the personal surgeon of Marcus Aurelius

14. Dark Ages Study of medicine prohibited
Emphasis back on prayer to treat illness
Average life span = 20 – 30 years
Occurred after the fall of the Roman Empire; Catholic church held power

15. Middle Ages Renewed interest in medicine
Physicians learned in medical universities
Average life span = 20 – 35 years old
Bubonic plague killed 75% of the population
Caused by a bacteria carried in fleas, mice, ect.
S&S = fever, weakness, bloody feces/cough, swollen glands
Tx = Antibiotics

16. Renaissance Rebirth of the science of medicine
Dissection of the body enhanced
Average life span = 30 – 40 years old
Michael Servetus
Described the circulatory system in the lungs
Explained how digestion is a source of heat

17. 16th & 17th Century Cause of disease still unknown
Average of life span = 35 – 45 years old
Invention of the microscope
Ambroise Pare
Father of Surgery (bind arteries to stop bleeding)
Gabriel Fallopius
Identified fallopian tubes
Described the tympanic membrane in the ear

18. 16th & 17th Century Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope
Bartolomeo Eustachio identified the Eustachian tube leading from the ear to the throat

19. 18th Century Average life span = 40 – 50 years old Inventions
Gabriel Fahrenheit = thermometer
Ben Franklin = bifocals
Edward Jenner = smallpox vaccine

20. 19th Century Average life span = 40 – 60 years Historical figures
Clara Barton = Founder of American Red Cross
Joseph Lister = Disinfectants & antiseptics during surgery
Dorthea Dix = Reformed mental hospitals & prisons

21. 19th Century
Florence Nightingale = Opened first nursing school; Reformed nursing
Gregory Mendel = Established patterns of heredity
Louis Pasteur = Pasteurized milk

22. 19th Century Robert Koch = Proved microorganisms cause disease
William Roentgen = Discovered X-rays

23. 20th Century Average life span = 60 – 70 years old Inventions
Genetic engineering began
First successful heart transplant
First pacemaker (70’s)
HIV / AIDS identified (80’s)
Jonas Salk = Developed polio vaccine
Alexander Flemming = Discovered penicillin

24. 21st Century Average life span = 90 – 100 years old
Potential improvements
HIV/AIDS research; cancer research
Robotic surgery
Nerve regenerated
New drugs
Cholesterol
Alzheimer’s
Diabetes