1. Black Holes and the Universe – How the LHC re-creates the beginning of time Rene Bellwied Wayne State University (bellwied@physics.wayne.edu) bellwied@physics.wayne.edu A public lecture Lessons from the cosmos Earth based experiments Discoveries and new challenges Towards the most fundamental questions T in the universe: 3 K = -454 o F Cosmic wave background map

2. Matter in the universe A problem of galactic proportions In spiral galaxies, the rotation curve remains at about the same value at great distances from the center In spiral galaxies, the rotation curve remains at about the same value at great distances from the center This means that the enclosed mass continues to increase even though the amount of visible, luminous matter falls off at large distances from the center. This means that the enclosed mass continues to increase even though the amount of visible, luminous matter falls off at large distances from the center. Something else must be adding to the gravity of the galaxies without shining. Dark Matter ! Something else must be adding to the gravity of the galaxies without shining. Dark Matter ! Accounts for > 90% of the mass in the universe. Accounts for > 90% of the mass in the universe.

3. Dark Matter vs. Luminous Matter distribution Bullet Cluster, 3.4 Billion Lightyears from Earth X-ray image vs. gravitational lensing Cluster contents by mass: ~ 2% galaxies ~ 13% hot gas ~ 85% dark matter Dark and visible matter are close together ? Formed in same process ?

4. Matter in the Universe Before 1911, the atom was thought to be the most fundamental form of matter!

5. Matter in the Universe Electrons orbiting Atom nucleus 100 trillionths (10 -10 ) meter 1911 – atomic nucleus discovered by E. Rutherford

6. Matter in the Universe Electrons orbiting Atom nucleus Atomic nucleus.01 trillionths (10 -14 ) meter 1919 – atomic nucleus contained protons (1932 – and neutrons)

7. Matter in the Universe Electrons orbiting Atom nucleus Atomic nucleus quarks Neutrons & Protons 100 trillionths (10 -10 ) meter.01 trillionths (10 -14 ) meter.001 trillionths (10 -15 ) meter (also gluons!) 1974 – “elementary” particles made up of quarks & gluons

8. Stars are moving : Doppler Effect with Stars A star's motion causes a wavelength shift in its light emission spectrum, which depends on speed and direction of motion. A star's motion causes a wavelength shift in its light emission spectrum, which depends on speed and direction of motion. If star is moving toward you, the waves are compressed, so their wavelength is shorter = blueshift. If star is moving toward you, the waves are compressed, so their wavelength is shorter = blueshift. If the object is moving away from you, the waves are stretched out, so their wavelength is longer = redshift If the object is moving away from you, the waves are stretched out, so their wavelength is longer = redshift The spectral lines of nearly all of the galaxies in the universe are shifted to the red end of the spectrum. This means that the galaxies are moving away from the Milky Way galaxy. Evidence for the expansion of the universe. The spectral lines of nearly all of the galaxies in the universe are shifted to the red end of the spectrum. This means that the galaxies are moving away from the Milky Way galaxy. Evidence for the expansion of the universe. uniform expansion = Hubble law Age of universe = 1/H 0

9. Let’s go back in time to when matter was formed – but how ? It’s -454 o F out there now It’s -454 o F out there now Assume that the universe expands homogenously and simply run the expansion backwards (compression) at a compression rate set by the Hubble constant Assume that the universe expands homogenously and simply run the expansion backwards (compression) at a compression rate set by the Hubble constant Volume goes down Pressure goes up Temperature goes up Energy goes up

10. Going back in time… Age Energy Matter in universe Age Energy Matter in universe 010 19 GeV grand unified theory of all forces 010 19 GeV grand unified theory of all forces 10 -35 s10 14 GeV 1 st phase transition (strong: q,g + electroweak: g, l,n) 10 -10 s10 2 GeV 2 nd phase transition (strong: q,g + electro: g + weak: l,n) 10 -5 s0.2 GeV 3 rd phase transition protons/neutrons (strong:hadrons + electro:g + weak: l,n) 3 min.0.1 MeV nuclei 6*10 5 years0.3 eV atoms Now 3*10 -4 eV = 3 K (13.7 billion years) phases of matter form whenever energy is low enough for them to survive RHIC & LHC-NP FRIB & FAIR LHC-HEP

11. Time Since the Big Bang 10 -43 seconds 10 -5 sec. 3 min. 380,000 yrs 1 billion yrs 13.7 billion yrs Quarks & Gluons (T=10 12  K) Particles Atomic Nuclei Atoms (3,000  K) Man BIG BANG Evolution of Matter in the Universe Galaxies (3  K) T ~ 10 32  K

12. The 4 Forces of Nature Strong Nuclear Force – force that keeps nuclei together – force that holds quarks (and gluons) inside protons & neutrons Gravitational force – attractive force between objects of matter Electromagnetic force – force between electrically charged objects Weak nuclear force – force that causes transmutation of nuclei Mass puzzle: p/n believed to contain three quarks, but m p = 1.67*10 -27 kg and m q = 9*10 -30 kg, so 3m q = m p. Where does all the mass come from ?

13. Strong color field Force grows with separation !!! Forces get weaker with distance…..except to study structure of an atom… “white” proton …separate constituents Imagine our understanding of atoms or QED if we could not isolate charged objects!! nucleus electron quark quark-antiquark pair created from vacuum “white” proton (confined quarks) “white”  0 (confined quarks) Confinement: fundamental & crucial (but not understood!) feature of strong force - colored objects (quarks) have  energy in normal vacuum neutral atom To understand the strong force and the phenomenon of confinement: Create and study a system of deconfined colored quarks (and gluons) F ~ 1/r 2 F ~ r

14. Force between two quarks Compare to gravitational force at Earth’s surface Quarks exert 16 metric tons of force on each other! quark gluons

15. Making ‘Quark-Gluon Soup’ Nuclear Matter (confined) Hadronic Matter (confined) Quark Gluon Plasma deconfined ! How to do it ? Instead of pulling particles apart: heating compression  ‘free’ quarks and gluons  needs a trillion (!) degrees (30,000 times the Sun’s Temp)  instead of heating how about banging together ?

16. The R elativistic H eavy I on C ollider RHIC BRAHMS PHOBOS PHENIX STAR AGS TANDEMS 3.8 km circle v = 0.99995  speed of light Gold nuclei each with 197 protons + neutrons are accelerated

17. The Experiment STAR

18. Brazil: Sao PaoloChina: IHEP - Beijing, IPP - Wuhan England: BirminghamFrance: IReS - Strasbourg, SUBATECH-Nantes Germany: Frankfurt, MPI - Munich Poland: Warsaw University, Warsaw U. of Technology Russia: MEPHI - Moscow, JINR - Dubna, IHEP - Protvino U.S.: Argonne, Berkeley, Brookhaven National Laboratories UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UCLA, Creighton, Carnegie-Mellon, Indiana, Kent State, MSU, CCNY, Ohio State, Penn State, Purdue, Rice, Texas, Texas A&M, Washington, Wayne, Yale Universities STAR ~ 540 collaborators 44 institutions 8 countries Cost for RHIC: ~ $550 Million Cost for STAR: ~ $50 Million Took 10 years to build

19. First beam in 2009 Geneva with Large Hadron Collider Superimposed

20. Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC

21. ALICE : A window to the most fundamental questions (1100 scientists, 250 Million Dollars, 12,500 tons, 15 years to build)

23. Study all phases of a heavy ion collision If the QGP was formed, it will only live for 10 -21 s !!!! BUT does matter come out of this phase the same way it went in ???

24. Study all phases of a heavy ion collision If the QGP was formed, it will only live for 10 -21 s !!!! BUT does matter come out of this phase the same way it went in ???

25. We are forming a fireball of a new medium (free quarks and gluons) which will de-excite (explode) into many, many particles (600 on 600 quarks gives you nearly 10,000 new particles – (Einstein at its best)) What are the properties of this phase ? How does it convert back to ordinary matter ? Is anything else produced ? Size of fireball: ~ 10x10x10 fm

26. So what do we hope for ? a.) Re-create the conditions as close as possible to the Big Bang, i.e. a condition of maximum density and minimum volume in an expanding macroscopic system. Measure a phase transition, characterize the new phase, measure the de-excitation of the new phase into ‘ordinary’ matter – ‘do we come out the way went in ?’ b.) How do the particles (ordinary matter) form ? How do they attain their mass ? c.) Does Dark Matter form at the same time ? d.) Do Black Holes form ? Are they related to Dark Matter or Dark Energy ? e.) Does matter separate from anti-matter ?

27. It’s news all over the world USA Today: The Great Fear of the Unknown USA Today: The Great Fear of the Unknown Malaysia Sun: Large Hadron Collider could spell doomsday for the Earth in nine days ! Malaysia Sun: Large Hadron Collider could spell doomsday for the Earth in nine days ! MSNBC: Atom smasher fears spark lawsuit MSNBC: Atom smasher fears spark lawsuit Fox news: ‘World-ending machine’ slated to go online soon Fox news: ‘World-ending machine’ slated to go online soon Spiegel (Germany): Black holes in Geneva: Is this the end of the world ? Spiegel (Germany): Black holes in Geneva: Is this the end of the world ?

28. The Black Hole scare At the LHC we think we can either make black holes on the scale of the proton or make objects that have quantum properties like a black hole but are not actual black holes (quantum black holes) Is that dangerous ? Absolutely not As we all know a black hole grows by absorbing the surrounding matter. But in order to have that ‘attractive’ force a black hole must have a minimum size, i.e. the size of an atom (~10 -10 m). The proton is 10 -15 m, so about 100,000 times too small. There will never be enough energy to make a black hole big enough for it to be dangerous. Luckily our instruments are so sophisticated that we can learn a lot from our mini or quantum black holes. In addition natural high-energy cosmic rays bombard the earth daily for Billions of years now and cause collisions at significantly higher energies than the LHC can produce. So yes we want to make them, and no they are not threatening !!

29. Measuring particles The basic principle: measure every particle that leaves a track in the detector. The basic principle: measure every particle that leaves a track in the detector. Only charged particles lose energy when traversing the detector (ionization of gas). From the amount of energy loss and the time it takes to traverse the detector volume we can determine the mass of the particle.Only charged particles lose energy when traversing the detector (ionization of gas). From the amount of energy loss and the time it takes to traverse the detector volume we can determine the mass of the particle. Detector is in magnetic field. From the bending of the track in the field we can determine the momentum and velocity of each particle.Detector is in magnetic field. From the bending of the track in the field we can determine the momentum and velocity of each particle.

30. Probing the medium with fast particles p p ? Au+Au idea: use p+p collisions (no medium) as reference ?: what happens in Au+Au to particles which pass through medium? Prediction: density in fireball is so high that particles get stuck. Measure properties of medium from the interaction of particles with medium.

31. STAR, nucl-ex/0305015 energy loss pQCD + Shadowing + Cronin pQCD + Shadowing + Cronin + Energy Loss High momentum particles get stuck ! The system is very dense. Too dense to be made of protons and neutrons ! SYSTEM NEEDS TO BE MADE OF QUARKS & GLUONS The deposited energy density is enormous, at least 5 GeV/fm 3

32. The energy density is 5 GeV/fm 3. Is that a lot? Last year, the U.S. used about 100 quadrillion BTUs of energy: At 5 GeV/fm 3, this would fit in a volume of: Or, in other words, in a box of the following dimensions:

33. Collective motion of the matter constituents: The medium is deconfined and consists of quarks baryons mesons 2q-states (mesons) 3q-states baryons

34. RHIC discoveries (2000 – 2010) based on strong collective flow x y z The ‘Perfect Liquid’ (2005)

35. RHIC discoveries (2000 – 2010) based on photon radiation 4 Trillion Degrees = 400 MeV = 2 T c The ‘Hottest State’ (2010)

36. Lessons from RHIC: The Quark Soup AIP Science Story of 2006 The early universe behaves like a liquid not like a gas or plasma

37. Where are we ? We created a new phase of matter, made of quarks, which existed only microseconds after the Big Bang. Surprisingly that phase behaves like a liquid rather than a gas or a plasma We are starting to understand the creation of matter in the universe.

38. collision evolution particle detectors collision overlap zone QGP phase quark and gluon degrees of freedom  ~ 10 fm/c hadronization kinetic freeze-out lumpy initial energy density  0 ~1 fm/c  ~ 0 fm/c distributions and correlations of produced particles quantum fluctuations Heavy-ion Collisions: Rapid Expansion expansion and cooling The Universe: Slow Expansion credit: NASA Where are we going ? Collectivity causes correlations particle distribution in  and 

39. The future is bright The LHC: higher energy collisions, bigger and better detectors On to: black holes, dark matter, Super-symmetry, extra-dimensions, Higgs fields and parallel universes

40. Already.... An amazing journey !! November 2009: 900 GeV collisions (450 on 450 GeV) December 2009: 2.36 TeV collisions (11.8 on 1.18 TeV) March 2010: 7 TeV collisions (3.5 on 3.5 TeV) Highest energy planned: 14 TeV (in 2012) Highest energy prior: 1.8 TeV at FNAL

41. Welcome to the new age !