1. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Information Technology Introduction Dr. John P. Abraham

2. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American IT defined Industrial revolution IT definition: Information technology is a maturing discipline dealing with the application of all the hardware and software technologies required for processing, analysis, storage, retrieval, visualization, and transmission of information in the form of text, graphics or sound in a reliable and secure environment.

3. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 2 Main parts Hardware:deals with installation, configuration, administration and maintenance of servers, clients, routers, switches, interfaces, storage devices, and peripherals. Software: system, application, web, and communication programs as well as language editors, compilers and interpreters.

4. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Classification of Computers personal digital assistants Laptops desktop personal computers Workstations Servers tightly coupled computer clusters distributed computer clusters Embedded processors

5. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Traditional Classification Super Mainframe Mini Micro

6. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Generation of computers First 1945-1955 –Vacuum tubes – slow – heat – expensive Second 1954-1965 –Transistor – solid state Third 1965 - 1980 –Widespread use of computers – IC/LSI Fourth 1980- –VLSI

7. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Historical Commercial computers IBM 360 DEC PDP 11 HP/Wang/Data General Cray Apple, Radio Shack IBM PCs

8. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Information Technology In Action Please choose one of the following or add another discipline and write a page. HomeThe sciences MedicineEducation EngineeringBanking BroadcastingAgriculture All of you need to write ½ page about similarities and differences of Computer Science, Information Technology and Computer Engineering.

9. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American The following slides are taken from your textbook, Dale & Lewis

10. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 3 Hardware The physical elements of a computing system (printer, circuit boards, wires, keyboard…) Software The programs that provide the instructions for a computer to execute Computing Systems

11. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 4 Layers of a Computing System

12. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 5 Abstraction A mental model that removes complex details This is a key concept. Abstraction will reappear throughout the text – be sure you understand it! Abstraction

13. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Internal View

14. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Abstract View

15. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American History

16. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 6 Abacus An early device to record numeric values Blaise Pascal Mechanical device to add, subtract, divide & multiply Joseph Jacquard Jacquard’s Loom, the punched card Charles Babbage Analytical Engine Early History of Computing

17. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 7 Ada Lovelace First Programmer, the loop Alan Turing Turing Machine, Artificial Intelligence Testing Harvard Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC I Early computers launch new era in mathematics, physics, engineering and economics Early History of Computing

18. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 8 Vacuum Tubes Large, not very reliable, generated a lot of heat Magnetic Drum Memory device that rotated under a read/write head Card Readers  Magnetic Tape Drives Sequential auxiliary storage devices First Generation Hardware (1951-1959)

19. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 9 Transistor Replaced vacuum tube, fast, small, durable, cheap Magnetic Cores Replaced magnetic drums, information available instantly Magnetic Disks Replaced magnetic tape, data can be accessed directly Second Generation Hardware (1959-1965)

20. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 10 Integrated Circuits Replaced circuit boards, smaller, cheaper, faster, more reliable Transistors Now used for memory construction Terminal An input/output device with a keyboard and screen Third Generation Hardware (1965-1971)

21. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 11 Large-scale Integration Great advances in chip technology PCs, the Commercial Market, Workstations Personal Computers and Workstations emerge New companies emerge: Apple, Sun, Dell … Laptops Everyone has his/her own portable computer Fourth Generation Hardware (1971-?)

22. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 12 Parallel Computing Computers rely on interconnected central processing and/or memory units that increase processing speed Networking Ethernet connects small computers to share resources File servers connect PCs in the late 1980s ARPANET and LANs  Internet Parallel Computing and Networking

23. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 13 Machine Language Computer programs written in binary (1s and 0s) Assembly Languages and Translators Programs written using mnemonics, which were translated into machine language Programmer Changes Programmers divide into two groups: application programmers and systems programmers First Generation Software (1951-1959)

24. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Assembly/Machine Systems programmers write the assembler (translator) Applications programmers use assembly language to solve problems

25. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 14 High-level Languages English-like statements made programming easier: Fortran, COBOL, Lisp Second Generation Software (1959-1965) Systems programmers write translators for high-level languages Application programmers use high-level languages to solve problems

26. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 15 Third Generation Software (1965-1971) Systems Software Utility programs Language translators Operating system, which decides which programs to run and when Separation between Users and Hardware Computer programmers write programs to be used by general public (i.e., nonprogrammers)

27. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 16 Third Generation Software (1965-1971)

28. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 17 Structured Programming Pascal C++ New Application Software for Users Spreadsheets Word processors Database management systems Fourth Generation Software (1971-1989)

29. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 18 Microsoft Windows operating system and other Microsoft application programs dominate the market Object-Oriented Design Based on a hierarchy of data objects (i.e. Java) World Wide Web Allows easy global communication through the Internet New Users Today’s user needs no computer knowledge Fifth Generation Software (1990- present)

30. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 20 Programmer / User Applications Programmer (uses tools) User with No Computer Background Systems Programmer (builds tools) Domain-Specific Programs Computing as a Tool

31. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 21 Computing as a Discipline What can be (efficiently) automated? Four Necessary Skills Algorithmic Thinking Representation Programming Design

32. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Is Computer Science a mathematical, scientific, or engineering discipline? 22 What do you think? Computing as a Discipline

33. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 23 Examples of Systems Areas Algorithms and Data Structures Programming Languages Architecture Operating Systems Software Engineering Human-Computer Communication

34. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American 24 Examples of Application Areas Numerical and Symbolic Computation Databases and Information Retrieval Intelligent Systems Graphics and Visual Computing Net-Centric Computing Computational Science

35. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Ethical Issues The Digital Divide What is it? How does it affect you? What is computer literacy for your sister, the musician? your brother, the doctor? your sister, the kindergarten teacher? Is it important to try to bridge the digital divide?

36. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Who am I? Can you list three items on my resume?

37. Dr. John P. Abraham, University of Texas Pan American Do you know? What computer company was launched in a garage? What branch of mathematics is being used in terrorist detection? What is Room to Read? When and where were the first CS Departments formed?