1. Compositional IS Development Framework Application Domain Application Domain Pre-existing components, legacy systems Extended for CD (ontologies) OAD Methods Extended for CD (ontologies) OAD Methods Diagrammatic Notation Diagrammatic Notation Specification in metamodel Specification in metamodel reuse of reverse engineering workproducrs reuse of OAD workproducrs Compositional Design Semantics & Metamodel underlying semantics underlying semantics

2. Formal Methods n Formal methods are mathematically based techniques for describing system properties; have an underlying theoretical model against which a description can be verified. n Model-based specifications use typed set theory and sets as formally defined mathematical entities. VDM, Z, RSL, AMN are well known model-oriented [sequential] languages. n Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP), Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) and Petri Nets are different model-oriented concurrent methods. n Larch is an algebraic sequential language. n Formal methods are mathematically based techniques for describing system properties; have an underlying theoretical model against which a description can be verified. n Model-based specifications use typed set theory and sets as formally defined mathematical entities. VDM, Z, RSL, AMN are well known model-oriented [sequential] languages. n Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP), Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) and Petri Nets are different model-oriented concurrent methods. n Larch is an algebraic sequential language.

3. Difficulties with formal methods n Methodological and tool support still is not sufficient n Conceptual grammars of formal tools require familiarity with discrete mathematics and symbolic logic n Inappropriate tool for communicating with the end user during the earlier requirements elicitation and confirmation stages n Formal languages may not be an ideal for exploring and discovering the problem structure during the problem refinement process at the early stages of problem solving n Management is generally conservative and unwilling to use new techniques whose benefits are not yet established. n Methodological and tool support still is not sufficient n Conceptual grammars of formal tools require familiarity with discrete mathematics and symbolic logic n Inappropriate tool for communicating with the end user during the earlier requirements elicitation and confirmation stages n Formal languages may not be an ideal for exploring and discovering the problem structure during the problem refinement process at the early stages of problem solving n Management is generally conservative and unwilling to use new techniques whose benefits are not yet established.

4. Strategies of incorporating formal methods n Direct: moving directly natural language specifications to a fully developed set of formal specifications n Transitional: through intermediate representations in semi-formal notation n Transitional process can be partitioned into sequential and parallel successive refinement approaches. n Formalization support: unassisted or computer-based n Four generic strategies are identified: direct unassisted, direct computer-assisted, transitional unassisted, and transitional computer assisted. n Transitional strategies can be further classified into transitional sequential and transitional parallel n Direct: moving directly natural language specifications to a fully developed set of formal specifications n Transitional: through intermediate representations in semi-formal notation n Transitional process can be partitioned into sequential and parallel successive refinement approaches. n Formalization support: unassisted or computer-based n Four generic strategies are identified: direct unassisted, direct computer-assisted, transitional unassisted, and transitional computer assisted. n Transitional strategies can be further classified into transitional sequential and transitional parallel

5. Strategies evaluation n Direct Unassisted Strategy. Requirements engineer should combine thorough knowledge of the application domain and an ability to formalize the problem in its entirety; close collaboration between the user and the requirements engineer is necessary. Small, well-structured domains where users are mathematically sophisticated enough to understand and validate the formally stated specifications. Prototypical situations. n Direct Computer-Assisted Strategy. Usually computer assistance takes a form of knowledge-based support for eliciting, discovering and creating the formal specification. Scaling up of this strategy to real-world applications would require a large amount of work. n Direct Unassisted Strategy. Requirements engineer should combine thorough knowledge of the application domain and an ability to formalize the problem in its entirety; close collaboration between the user and the requirements engineer is necessary. Small, well-structured domains where users are mathematically sophisticated enough to understand and validate the formally stated specifications. Prototypical situations. n Direct Computer-Assisted Strategy. Usually computer assistance takes a form of knowledge-based support for eliciting, discovering and creating the formal specification. Scaling up of this strategy to real-world applications would require a large amount of work.

6. Strategies evaluation (2) n Transitional Unassisted Strategy. Relies entirely on the formal language skills of the requirements engineer to translate between semi-formal and formal requirement specifications. Cognitive science conclusions: semi-formal representation suits better to exploring and discovering the problem structure. n Transitional sequential approach is feasible in those situations where detailed and complete requirements are either previously known or are easily discovered n Transitional Computer-Assisted Strategy: has advantage to move back and forth between semi-formal and formal specifications. n Transitional Unassisted Strategy. Relies entirely on the formal language skills of the requirements engineer to translate between semi-formal and formal requirement specifications. Cognitive science conclusions: semi-formal representation suits better to exploring and discovering the problem structure. n Transitional sequential approach is feasible in those situations where detailed and complete requirements are either previously known or are easily discovered n Transitional Computer-Assisted Strategy: has advantage to move back and forth between semi-formal and formal specifications.

7. Strategy for compositional development n Transitional strategy: semi-formal specification canonical object model and purely formal, mathematical AMN facilities. n Computer-assistance is based on a mapping of canonical specifications into the formal ones. n The strategy is transitional parallel: specifications obtained as the semi-formal on various stages can be mapped into formal specifications for their verification, getting proper feedback, correcting and improving of the original ones. n For a top-down, bottom-up process it is allowed parallel appearance of multiple refinement layers with synchronized semi-formal and formal specifications influencing each other. n Transitional strategy: semi-formal specification canonical object model and purely formal, mathematical AMN facilities. n Computer-assistance is based on a mapping of canonical specifications into the formal ones. n The strategy is transitional parallel: specifications obtained as the semi-formal on various stages can be mapped into formal specifications for their verification, getting proper feedback, correcting and improving of the original ones. n For a top-down, bottom-up process it is allowed parallel appearance of multiple refinement layers with synchronized semi-formal and formal specifications influencing each other.