1. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 1 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR FORESTER Target Doppler Signature Phenomenology* DARPA FOPEN-GXP Industry Day Presentation Paul Monticciolo Jen King Jao MIT Lincoln Laboratory 10 March 2010 *This work was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Information Processing Techniques Office under US Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.

2. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 2 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR Outlines Target Doppler signature overview –Tower-based radar measurements –Black-Hawk FORESTER measurements Fort Stewart A160 FORESTER target Doppler signatures Summary

3. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 3 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR FORESTER Detection and Exploitation Processing Challenges Dismount signatures vary with movement, group size, observation geometry, and foliage conditions Principal challenges Complex dismount signatures - Doppler signatures are time varying, aspect angle dependent, and attenuated by foliage Airborne platform motion Platform-antenna interactions Wind-blown clutter Clutter false alarms Target discrimination dBm 2 Range (m) Torso Limb harmonics Single dismount Doppler signature Radial Velocity (m/s) 100 50 0 -5-3135-4-2024 0 -20 -40 -60 -10 -30 -50 CPI: 5 s

4. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 4 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR Target Doppler Signature Examples: Ground Measurements At Ku-Band And UHF 4 Ku-band UHF Frequency & wavelength15.7 GHz & 1.9 cm 435 MHz & 0.7 m Bandwidth & range res.1200 MHz & 12.5 cm 30 MHz & 5 m CPI0.048 s 5 s Doppler at 1 m/s & res.105 Hz & 20.8 Hz2.9 Hz & 0.2 Hz UHF Ku Ku-band, spectrogram over multiple CPIs 4 8 -4 0 -8 Range Rate (m/s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time (s) 2 4 -2 0 -4 Range Rate (m/s) Gait period TorsoLimbs Main body Leg Dismount walker Camel -10 -5 0 5 10 Doppler (Hz) 60 40 20 0 Amplitude (dB) 60 40 20 0 Amplitude (dB) One dismount on open road One horse in woods Clutter UHF, Doppler spectrum for one CPI

5. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 5 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR Dismount Doppler Signatures MIT LL and ESSCO Tower-Based Measurements RCS (dBsm) Aspect Angle (deg) 22.5° 30.0° Grazing angle Measurement of single unarmed personnel, 420 - 450 MHz, HH-pol. 4 0 -4 -8 04590135180 Doppler harmonics, aspect angle = 0 degDoppler harmonics, aspect angle = 45 deg Torso return 1 st limb modulation rate 2 nd limb modulation rate Subject: 123 Walking speed ~ 1 m/s Grazing angle: 45 deg Torso return 1 st limb modulation rate Walking speed ~ 1 m/s Grazing angle: 45 deg RCS (dBm 2 ) 20 0 -20 -40 -60 0 1 2 3 Range Rate (m/s) 0 1 2 3 Range Rate (m/s)

6. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 6 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR Dismount Detection and Signature Example Black-Hawk FORESTER Flight 23, 28 June 2007 at Ft. AP Hill SCNR (dB) Range Rate (m/s) Target +Clutter (dB) Clutter Target + clutter Torso return Limb modulation Excellent signature measurements obtained for detected dismounts 60 40 20 0 -404-22 30 20 10 0 20070628-M123-S011-00019 1 Dismount SCNR threshold:14 dB Ground range:7 – 12 km Velocity:0 – 4 m/s SCNR threshold:14 dB Ground range:7 – 12 km Velocity:0 – 4 m/s Distance (east from BH, km) 246357 Distance (north from BH, km) -7.5 -8.5 -9.5 -10.5 -6.5

7. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 7 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR 5 dismounts in foliage 5 dismounts in foliage False alarm False alarm SCNR: >14 dB Ground range: 7 – 12 km Velocity: 0 – 4 m/s SCNR: >14 dB Ground range: 7 – 12 km Velocity: 0 – 4 m/s 20071010-M141-S006-00010 2 3 4 5 6 7 Distance (east from BH, km) Distance (north from BH, km) -5.5 -6.5 -7.5 -8.5 -9.5 -10.5 Dismount Detection and Signature Example Black-Hawk FORESTER Flight 41, 10 October 2007 at AP Hill False alarm -4 -2 0 2 4 Range Rate (m/s) SCNR (dB) 30 20 10 0 Foliage obscuration and multiple-target groups result in complex target signatures 5 dismounts SCNR (dB) 30 20 10 0

8. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 8 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR Outlines Target Doppler signature overview Ft. Stewart A160 FORESTER target Doppler signatures –Detections –Doppler signature examples Summary

9. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 9 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR SCNR threshold15 dB Range rate<= 4 m/s Beamwidth, (3 beams)~6 deg LOS depression~30 deg 180 5-s CPIs over 15 min. Composite GMTI Plan Position Indicator (PPI) Targets Moving On Wooded Trails SCNR threshold15 dB Range rate<= 4 m/s Beamwidth, (3 beams)~6 deg LOS depression~20 deg 240 5-s CPIs over 20 min.

10. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 10 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR Composite GMTI PPI Dismount Activities and Boats SCNR threshold15 dB Range rate<= 4 m/s Beamwidth (3 beams)~6 deg LOS depression~30 deg 240 5-s CPIs over 20 min. 1-202 East (km) North (km) 0 -0.5 0.5 1

11. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 11 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR Range-Doppler Data Examples -20-1010020 Doppler (Hz) Ground Range (km) 5 5.5 6 6.5 4.5 4 -1.5 -0.50.50 1 East (km) North (km) 0 -0.5 -1.5 0.5 1.5 1 SCNR threshold15 dB Range rate<= 4 m/s Beamwidth (1 beam)~6 deg LOS depression~30 deg 180 5-s CPIs over 15 min. Flight 30 Taylors Creek DZ Flight 30 Taylors Creek DZ Dwell #57 (20090924-M330-S007)

12. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 12 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR -1.5-0.50.501 East (km) North (km) 0 -0.5 -1.5 0.5 1.5 1 Doppler Signature Examples Clutter Relative Power (dB) Doppler (Hz) 20 0 -2010-1020 40 0 20 0 40 20 0 40 20 0 40 20 0 40 SCNR threshold15 dB Range rate<= 4 m/s Beamwidth (1 beam)~6 deg LOS depression~30 deg 180 5-s CPIs over 15 min. Flight 30 Taylors Creek DZ Flight 30 Taylors Creek DZ

13. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 13 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR Additional Doppler Signature Examples -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Doppler (Hz) 60 40 20 0 Amplitude (dB) 20090924-M330-S012-00222 60 40 20 0 Amplitude (dB) 20090925-M331-S004-00094 Clutter -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Doppler (Hz) 1: 2: 20090924-M330-S007-00157 3: 20090925-M331-S004-00107 4:

14. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 14 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR 20090924-M330-S007_PPI_PDS_Movie1.wmv Target Doppler Spectrum Example: Target In Open Field -1.5-0.50.501 East (km) North (km) 0 -0.5 -1.5 0.5 1.5 1 SCNR threshold15 dB Range rate <=<= 4 m/s Beamwidth (3 beams)~6 deg LOS depression~25 deg 80 frames over 20 min., 1 frame per 15 sec Current Detection Previous Detections Flight 30 Taylors Creek DZ Flight 30 Taylors Creek DZ

15. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 15 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR Target Doppler Spectrum Example: Walking On Dirt Road SCNR threshold16 dB Range rate <=<= 4 m/s Beamwidth (1 beam)~24 deg LOS depression~20 deg 180 frames over 15 min., 1 frame per 5 sec Current Detection Previous Detections 20090925-M331-S005_PPI_PDS_Movie2.wmv -1.5-0.50.501 East (km) North (km) 0 -0.5 -1.5 0.5 1.5 1 Flight 31 D10 – D13 site Flight 31 D10 – D13 site

16. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 16 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR 20090925-M331-S005_PPI_PDS_Movie3.wmv Target Doppler Spectrum Example: Walking Under Foliage SCNR threshold15 dB Range rate<= 4 m/s Beamwidth (3 beams)~6 deg LOS depression~25 deg 60 frames over 15 min., 1 frame per 15 sec Current Detection Previous Detections -1.5-0.50.501 East (km) North (km) 0 -0.5 -1.5 0.5 1.5 1 Flight 31 D10 – D13 site Flight 31 D10 – D13 site

17. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 17 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR Target Doppler Spectrum Example: Tree Line Movement -1.5-0.50.501 East (km) North (km) 0 -0.5 -1.5 0.5 1.5 1 SCNR threshold15 dB Range rate<= 4 m/s Beamwidth (1 beam)~6 deg LOS depression~25 deg 180 frames over 15 min., 1 frame per 5-s CPI Current Detection Previous Detections Flight 30 Taylors Creek DZ Flight 30 Taylors Creek DZ 20090924-M330-S007_PPI_PDS_Movie4.wmv

18. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 18 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR 20090925-M331-S004_PPI_PDS_Movie5.wmv Target Doppler Spectrum Example: Targets Under Trees -1.5-0.50.501 East (km) North (km) 0 -0.5 -1.5 0.5 1.5 1 SCNR threshold14 dB Range rate<= 4 m/s Beamwidth (3 beams)~6 deg LOS depression~25 deg 60 frames over 15 min., 1 frame per 15 sec Current Detection Previous Detections Flight 31 D10 – D13 site Flight 31 D10 – D13 site

19. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Ind. Day 3/10/2010 19 For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA, Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO FOUO/ITAR Summary FORESTER experimental data indicates that Doppler-based target signatures may be useful for exploitation purposes –Long CPIs provide excellent Doppler resolution –One of many potential activity and discrimination features Fort Stewart data collections cover a wide variety of target classes and scenarios for examining Doppler signatures –Humans, sheep, horses, dogs, mules, and motor vehicles –Open areas, under foliage, woods, and rivers MIT Lincoln Laboratory personnel available during Q & A session