1. Lone Star: The Story of Texas
Chapter 9
The Republic of Texas:
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. Lone Star: The Story of Texas
Chapter 9: The Republic of Texas:
Section 1: Houston’s First Term
Section 2: Lamar Takes Office
Section 3: Houston’s Second Term
Section 4: Anson Jones and Annexation
Section 5: Daily Life in the Republic
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3. Houston’s First Term
Chapter 9, Section 1
What challenges did interim president David Burnet face?
How were the relations between the Republic of Texas and its neighbors, the United States and Mexico?
What challenges did the Republic face internally?

4. Launching the New Government
Chapter 9, Section 1
Under Sam Houston’s leadership, the new congress began work in October of 1836.
His first task was to form a cabinet.
Houston named Stephen F. Austin as secretary of state. Austin would be in charge of relations with other countries.
Columbia became the site of the new capital. Later, the capital moved to the town of Houston.
A cabinet is a group of people who take charge of certain duties.

5. Relations With Other Nations
Chapter 9, Section 1
Houston had two main foreign policy goals. Foreign policies are a government’s plan to deal with issues outside the country.
Texans voted to ratify the Constitution of 1836 and to support annexation by the United States. Annexation is when one country takes over all or part of another country.
The United States was the first nation to recognize Texas. Great Britain, France, and other nations waited to see if Texas could hold on to its freedom.

6. Relations With Other Nations
Chapter 9, Section 1
Relations between Mexico and Texas were tense.
Mexico rejected the Treaty of Velasco.
Mexico rejected the Rio Grande as the border of the new Republic.
Texas objected to Mexico’s offer to sell Texas to the United States. Texans believed that this offer suggested that Mexico still owned Texas.

7. Houston’s Policies at Home
Chapter 9, Section 1
Domestic policies are a government’s plans to deal with issues inside the country.
Armed forces - Most of Houston’s new troops were from the United States. They had missed the Texas Revolution, and they wanted to attack Mexico. Houston sent many of them home on leave. This would save money and keep them from causing trouble.
Relations with Texas Indians - Houston sent messages of friendship to several tribes. He tried to make treaties and set up trading posts. He had little support from Congress.
Economic policies- Houston tried to cut government spending and impose taxes. However, few Texans could pay. He printed money, which proved to be worth very little.

8. Houston’s First Term - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 1
Foreign policy is a government’s plan to deal with
(A) its enemies.
(B) immigration.
(C) issues inside the country.
(D) issues outside the country.
Why was Houston able to understand the problems of Native American tribes?
(A) He was a Native American himself.
(B) He had lived among the Cherokees for several years.
(C) His mother was a Native American.
(D) He was married to a Native American.
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9. Houston’s First Term - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 1
Foreign policy is a government’s plan to deal with
(A) its enemies.
(B) immigration.
(C) issues inside the country.
(D) issues outside the country.
Why was Houston able to understand the problems of Native American tribes?
(A) He was a Native American himself.
(B) He had lived among the Cherokees for several years.
(C) His mother was a Native American.
(D) He was married to a Native American.
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10. Lamar Takes Office Why did Mirabeau Lamar move the capital to Austin?
Chapter 9, Section 2
Why did Mirabeau Lamar move the capital to Austin?
Why did Lamar want Santa Fe to join the Republic of Texas?
What was Lamar’s policy toward the Cherokees and the Comanches?

11. A New Capital
Chapter 9, Section 2
In 1838, Mirabeau Lamar became president of the Republic. During his three years in office, he undid many of Houston’s policies. He also changed the flag of the Republic to the Lone Star flag.
Lamar persuaded Congress to move the capital to a small frontier settlement called Waterloo.
As Waterloo grew, Congress renamed it Austin, in honor of Stephen F. Austin.

12. Lamar’s Foreign Policy Toward Mexico
Chapter 9, Section 2
Lamar offered Mexico $5 million to resolve the ongoing conflict between Texas and Mexico. In return, Mexico had to:
recognize Texas independence
accept the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas
Mexico rejected the offer. Peace talks failed because Mexico refused to negotiate with Texas.
Lamar tried to convince Santa Fe and eastern New Mexico to join Texas. His Santa Fe expedition angered Mexico.
Expedition - a journey made for some special purpose

13. Lamar’s Foreign Policy/Other Nations
Chapter 9, Section 2
Lamar wanted the Republic of Texas to become a great nation and compete with the United States.
France became the first European nation to recognize the Republic of Texas and agree to trade with the new nation. Great Britain was next, followed by the Netherlands and Belgium.

14. Lamar’s Domestic Policies
Chapter 9, Section 2
Armed forces - Lamar strengthened the army and navy. He fired Houston’s soldiers and built a new army. He recruited soldiers from the United States and paid them with land.
Relations with Indians - Lamar believed that Native Americans blocked the Republic’s westward expansion. He used the newly strengthened army to drive the Indians from the frontier.
Economic policies - Lamar ordered millions of paper dollars printed. He planned to back the money with a loan from France, but the loan fell through. This mistake lost him much support among the voters.

15. Lamar Takes Office - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 2
When Lamar moved the capital to Waterloo, Congress changed the town’s name to
(A) Houston.
(B) Santa Fe.
(C) Austin.
(D) Rutersville.
What was the purpose of the Santa Fe expedition?
(A) To find silver for the Republic’s treasury
(B) To increase trade between Austin and Santa Fe
(C) To drive the Comanches out of Texas
(D) To convince Santa Fe and eastern New Mexico to join Texas
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16. Lamar Takes Office - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 2
When Lamar moved the capital to Waterloo, Congress changed the town’s name to
(A) Houston.
(B) Santa Fe.
(C) Austin.
(D) Rutersville.
What was the purpose of the Santa Fe expedition?
(A) To find silver for the Republic’s treasury
(B) To increase trade between Austin and Santa Fe
(C) To drive the Comanches out of Texas
(D) To convince Santa Fe and eastern New Mexico to join Texas
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17. Houston’s Second Term
Chapter 9, Section 3
What problems did Houston face during his second term as president?
Why did the people of Austin prevent the movement of government documents during the Archives War?
What happened to the men of the Mier expedition?

18. Houston Resumes Command
Chapter 9, Section 3
Houston began his second term as president. Texas was bankrupt, and Indian raids still threatened the frontier.
The Texas Economy Under Houston Houston reduced government spending by millions, but interest caused the debt to keep growing. Interest is the price paid for the use of borrowed money.
Native American Peace Treaties Houston convinced many tribes to attend a “grand council” where a peace treaty was signed. He supported trade posts set up by the government.

19. Continued Conflict With Mexico
Chapter 9, Section 3
The Battle of Salado Creek
Mexican troops captured San Antonio. A group of Texans hid near Salado Creek and lured Mexican troops into a trap. Though outnumbered, the Texans were victorious.
In a nearby battle, Dawson’s Massacre, 50 Texans were killed, even though they surrendered to the Mexicans.
The Archives War
Fearing attack by the Mexicans, Houston ordered Rangers to move the archives from Austin to Houston. Archives are collections of important public documents, such as constitutions and other public records.The people of Austin resisted this move and attacked the Rangers.The archives remained in Austin.

20. Texas Responds to the Mexican Invasion
Chapter 9, Section 3
Somervell’s Expedition Houston sent General Alexander Somervell to make sure that the Mexican army had left Texas. He was told to invade Mexico only if he could beat the Mexicans. He felt he could not, so he withdrew his troops.
The Mier Expedition Some 300 of Somervell’s men refused to go home. Instead they attacked the Mexican town of Mier. When they ran out of supplies, they surrendered. Many escaped but were recaptured. As punishment, Santa Anna ordered 10 percent of them executed. In the Black Bean Episode, a lottery selected which 17 Texans would die.

21. Houston’s Second Term - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 3
Why did Houston order Texas Rangers to move the archives?
(A) He wanted to show the city of Austin how much power he had.
(B) He feared they would fall into the hands of the Mexicans.
(C) He wanted them kept in his namesake town.
(D) He did not like the city of Austin.
What did the lottery in the Black Bean Episode determine?
(A) Whether or not Texans would attack Mexico
(B) Who would get to name the capital of the Republic
(C) Which parcels of land in Texas would be given away
(D) Which Texans would be executed by Santa Anna’s troops
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22. Houston’s Second Term - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 3
Why did Houston order Texas Rangers to move the archives?
(A) He wanted to show the city of Austin how much power he had.
(B) He feared they would fall into the hands of the Mexicans.
(C) He wanted them kept in his namesake town.
(D) He did not like the city of Austin.
What did the lottery in the Black Bean Episode determine?
(A) Whether or not Texans would attack Mexico
(B) Who would get to name the capital of the Republic
(C) Which parcels of land in Texas would be given away
(D) Which Texans would be executed by Santa Anna’s troops
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23. Anson Jones and Annexation
Chapter 9, Section 4
What was the most pressing issue of Anson Jones’s presidency?
What were the arguments for and against Texas joining the Union?
What were the key points of the Joint Resolution of 1845?

24. Anson Jones Becomes President
Chapter 9, Section 4
Anson Jones’s Early Life
Practiced medicine in Brazoria
Fought in the Texas Revolution
Served in Congress
Appointed Minister to the United States by Sam Houston
Later served in the U.S. Senate
Served as secretary of state during Houston’s second term
Presidential Policies
Maintained Houston’s peace policy toward Native Americans in Texas
Tried to make peace with Mexico
Tried to convince Mexico to recognize the independence of Texas
Tried to convince the United States to annex Texas

25. Arguments For and Against Annexation
Chapter 9, Section 4
Arguments For Annexation
Being part of the United States would protect Texas from being retaken by Mexico.
Joining the Union would enable Texans to use U.S currency, or money.
Many Texans had family ties in the United States.
Arguments Against Annexation
As a slave state, Texas would upset the balance of free and slave states in the U.S. Congress.
The United States was reluctant to admit a state so deeply in debt.

26. Negotiating an Agreement
Chapter 9, Section 4
The Treaty of 1844
Most Texans agreed to the Treaty of 1844, but it was vetoed by the United States Senate.
Texas would become a territory of the United States.
Texas would give up its public lands (lands owned by the government rather than by individuals).
The United States would pay the debts of the Republic.
Jones’s Strategy
Jones enlisted the help of Great Britain to win a better deal for Texas. Britain was willing to help Texas in the hope that the Republic would remain independent.

27. Negotiating an Agreement
Chapter 9, Section 4
The Joint Resolution of 1845
Texas would join the United States as a state after its people approved a constitution.
Texas would keep its public lands. Money used from the sale of public lands would be used to pay off the Texas debt.
Texas could divide into as many as four states.
Texas would be a slave state.
Mexico offered to recognize Texas independence—if Texas rejected annexation by the United States.
Joint resolution - an act of both houses of Congress that has the power of law

28. Anson Jones and Annexation - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 4
Who was nicknamed the “Architect of Annexation”?
(A) Stephen F. Austin
(B) President John Tyler
(C) Sam Houston
(D) Anson Jones
Under the Joint Resolution of 1845, what was Texas required to do with any money it made from the sale of public land?
(A) Create a public school fund
(B) pay down the debts of the Republic of Texas
(C) Invest in trading posts to help the Native Americans
(D) Increase the strength of its military force
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29. Anson Jones and Annexation - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 4
Who was nicknamed the “Architect of Annexation”?
(A) Stephen F. Austin
(B) President John Tyler
(C) Sam Houston
(D) Anson Jones
Under the Joint Resolution of 1845, what was Texas required to do with any money it made from the sale of public land?
(A) Create a public school fund
(B) pay down the debts of the Republic of Texas
(C) Invest in trading posts to help the Native Americans
(D) Increase the strength of its military force
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30. Daily Life in the Republic
Chapter 9, Section 5
What was the main reason people moved to the Republic of Texas?
Why did some Texans go into the ranching business?
What goods and services were available in Texas towns?
What was the name of the first college established in Texas?

31. The New Texans
Chapter 9, Section 5
Between 1836 and 1845, many people moved to Texas for its abundance of cheap land. Texas leaders gave land to veterans and families of Texans killed in the revolution. No land was offered to African Americans or Native Americans.
Texas required new settlers to live on the land for three years before they were given full ownership. The government did this to discourage land speculators.
To speed up settlement, the government brought back the empresario system.
Veteran - a person who served in the armed forces

32. Population Growth of Texas, 1834 - 1847
Chapter 9, Section 5

33. Life on the Farms and Ranches
Chapter 9, Section 5
Farmers
The majority of farms in the Republic were small family farms.
Most farmers practiced subsistence farming. They grew just enough crops to support the farm.
Some planted cash crops, crops that are sold for profit.
Ranchers
Cattle ate for free on public grazing land.
Cattle meat supplies often outpaced demand.
Ranchers were challenged by thieves, drought, and disease.
Sheep ranching grew as U.S. textile mills began requesting wool.

34. Life in Towns and Forts
Chapter 9, Section 5
Towns - Most towns grew when farms and ranches appeared in an area. Some grew around one business. Towns offered goods and services not available on the farm. Many townsfolk were immigrants. Most Texas towns stayed small.
Armed forces - All fit men between 17 and 50 were eligible to serve. The military was mostly volunteer. Types of troops included infantry, artillery, and rangers.
Daily life in the armed forces was routine, and consisted of drills and assigned tasks. Meals included salted beef, beans, and hardtack (stiff wafers of bread).

35. Education and Worship Schools
Chapter 9, Section 5
Schools
The first Texas public school opened in Houston in 1839 and closed in 1840.
Children were needed on the farm, so mothers often taught their children at home.
Religious groups built the first places of higher learning in Texas.
Rutersville College opened in Baylor University is the oldest continually operating university in Texas.
Religion
The Republic of Texas had no established church.
The fastest growing religious groups in the Republic were Protestants.
They held revivals to attract new members. A revival is a meeting designed to reawaken strong religious beliefs.
Churches also published newspapers and built schools.

36. Daily Life in the Republic - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 5
The practice of growing just enough crops to support a farm is called
(A) Speculation farming.
(B) Revival farming .
(C) Cash crop farming.
(D) Subsistence farming.
Why did Texas law require people to live on the property for three years before obtaining full ownership?
(A) To find out if the people would like living in Texas
(B) To discourage land speculation
(C) To encourage only strong settlers to move to Texas
(D) To determine the land’s potential for growing crops
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37. Daily Life in the Republic - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 5
The practice of growing just enough crops to support a farm is called
(A) Speculation farming.
(B) Revival farming .
(C) Cash crop farming.
(D) Subsistence farming.
Why did Texas law require people to live on the property for three years before obtaining full ownership?
(A) To find out if the people would like living in Texas
(B) To discourage land speculation
(C) To encourage only strong settlers to move to Texas
(D) To determine the land’s potential for growing crops
Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!