1. CHAPTER 9 Expanding Markets and Moving West
Section 2-Manifest Destiny
Section 3-Expansion in Texas
Section 4-War with Mexico

2. Section 2-Manifest Destiny
Many Americans believed that the U.S. should extend its power all the way to the Pacific coast, in order to spread ideas of democracy and civilization.
During the 1840s, some Americans came to believe that the spread westward was destined and ordained by God.
These ideas came to be known as Manifest Destiny-America’s destiny to expand to the Pacific and into Mexico.

3. Manifest Destiny
An Allegorical Painting by John Gast 1872

4. Americans moved west for a number of reasons:
Escape religious persecution (example: Mormons led by Brigham Young to Utah)
Find new trade markets and routes
Claim land
Locate new harbors
Seek employment
Spread democracy

5. Two of the most important trails to the West were the Santa Fe Trail and the Oregon Trail.

7. Section 3-Expansion in Texas (starts on pg. 288)
Before Americans started settling in Texas, both the local Indians and Mexicans continually fought over who controlled the territory.
After Mexico’s independence from Spain in 1821, they took control over the Southwest area of the U.S.

8. During the 1820s, Mexico began offering land grants to Americans interested in settling in Texas. (the “agents” were called empresarios)
If they agreed to obey Mexico’s laws and religion.
One of the most prominent American empresarios was Stephen F. Austin, who began an American colony in Texas.
Each settler would receive 177 acres for farming or 4,428 acres for stock grazing, as well as a 10 year exemption from paying taxes.
By 1825 nearly 300 land grants had been issued.

9. Stephen F. Austin

10. Between 1830 and 1834 the number of “Anglo” settlers to Texas doubled
Mexico’s gov’t tried to seal the borders, but their efforts were in vain.
Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna imprisoned Austin, who argued for self-government for Texas.
Constant fighting led to the Texas Revolution and eventually the Republic of Texas was established. (declared independence during Battle of Alamo, officially Republic in Sept.)
In 1835 Santa Anna and his army defeated Texan troops at the Alamo. All 187 defenders died, including Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett.

13. To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World:
Fellow citizens & compatriots—I am besieged, by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna—I have sustained a continual Bombardment & cannonade for 24 hours & have not lost a man. The enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion, otherwise, the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken—I have answered the demand with a cannon shot, & our flag still waves proudly from the walls. I shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism & everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid, with all dispatch—The enemy is receiving reinforcements daily & will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible & die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor & that of his country—Victory or Death.
William Barret Travis
Lt. Col. comdt
P.S. The Lord is on our side—When the enemy appeared in sight we had not three bushels of corn—We have since found in deserted houses 80 or 90 bushels & got into the walls 20 or 30 head of Beeves.
Travis

18. Did you know?
Santa Anna lost his leg after battling the French… so he held a funeral for his leg, and marched it through Mexico City and placed it in a national shrine. He then used a wooden leg most of the time.

19. The Alamo Today

20. In March of 1836 Santa Anna executed 300 Texans at Goliad
In March of 1836 Santa Anna executed 300 Texans at Goliad. By April, Texan troops led by Sam Houston, defeated Santa Anna and his men at the battle of San Jacinto.
In 1845 Texas became the 28th state in the U.S.

21. Davy Crockett
Sam Houston
Jim Bowie

22. Section 4-War With Mexico
After the U.S. gained control of Texas in 1836, President James K. Polk wanted to gain more territory (New Mexico and California) by going to war with Mexico.
Zachary Taylor (“Old Rough and Ready”) was sent to blockade the Rio Grande, John C. Fremont was sent to explore the California province, and Stephen Kearny was sent to gain New Mexico.

23. Zachary Taylor
John C. Fremont
Stephen Kearny

24. After gaining TX and CA from Mexico, the people of these territories declared independence.
Forces led by Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, and Winfield Scott (“Old Fuss and Feathers”) invaded Mexico and captured the capital city.
Robert E. Lee
Ulysses S. Grant
Winfield Scott

25. Before the war was over, it became evident that the issue of slavery would once again become a major problem.
Victory over Mexico would mean new territories and the questions of whether or not they should allow slavery.
PA Congressman David Wilmot put forth what was called the Wilmot Proviso.
This proviso, or condition, proposed banning slavery from any land purchased from Mexico.
Northern states liked the idea, but Southern states did not.
Congress decided not to approve this plan.

26. Americans declared a Republic of California and signed the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo to establish the boundaries that the U.S. has today.
The Gadsden Purchase gave an additional $10 million to Mexico for the land.

28. In 1848 James Marshall, working at Sutter’s Mill, discovered gold.
Soon after news reached San Francisco, residents traveled to pan for gold.
As word reached the east coast, thousands of forty-niners traveled to CA in the gold rush.
People would come from as far as Asia, South America, and Europe to look for gold.
By 1849 CA’s population exceeded 100,000.

31. Another important piece of legislation was the Compromise of 1850.
This admitted CA to the Union as a free state and declared the unorganized western territories free as well.
The Utah and New Mexico territories were allowed to decide the issue by popular sovereignty (will of the people).
Attached to the compromise was a Fugitive Slave Law, which required anyone to return a fugitive slave to the South.