2. Crew Resource Management LT Andre Towner U.S. Coast Guard

3. Crew Resource Management The application of personal & team management concepts in the flight environment. The application of personal & team management concepts in the flight environment.

4. BACKGROUND 1979 NASA Workshop revealed human error link in majority of accidents 1979 NASA Workshop revealed human error link in majority of accidents 1981 United Airlines initiated the first comprehensive CRM Program 1981 United Airlines initiated the first comprehensive CRM Program Other airlines and military soon followed Other airlines and military soon followed No formalized General Aviation CRM Programs No formalized General Aviation CRM Programs

5. Principles of CRM S ituational Awareness S ituational Awareness C ommunications C ommunications A ssertive Behavior A ssertive Behavior R isk Assessment & Risk Management R isk Assessment & Risk Management

6. CRM Principle - S.A. Situational Awareness…? Situational Awareness…? …is the realistic understanding of all factors which affect the safety and effectiveness of your aircraft.

7. CRM Principle - S.A. SA What’s happening What might happen What has happened

8. CRM Principle - S.A. Situational Awareness - Why? Situational Awareness - Why? NASA/FAA data shows that SA loss is the cause of over 80% of all aircraft accidents.

9. CRM Principle - S.A. What are the “Loss of S.A.” flags? Not Communicating Ambiguity Failure to meet targets Confusion Deviating from Standards Not addressing discrep’s Violating Minimums Preoccupation

10. CRM Principle - S.A. What do you do when you suspect you have lost S.A.?  React  Regain  Reconstruct

11. CRM Principle - Communication Elements of Communication Skills Elements of Communication Skills The most obvious of the CRM principles. And, the easiest to affect through training. “Say what you mean, mean what you say.”

12. CRM Principle - Communication Apply the A-B-C’s of communication Apply the A-B-C’s of communication  Accurate  Bold  Concise

13. CRM Principle - Communication NASA Communication Model 55% 38% 7% Body Language Tone Verbal

14. CRM Principle - Communication AVIATION SPECIFIC PROBLEMS * Body Language Limitations - 55% 0% * Tone Limitations - 19% 19% * Verbal 7% 7% Aviation Effectiveness =26%

15. CRM Principle - Communication How Do We Overcome these Communication Limitations in the Aircraft? Verbal Becomes PRIMARY Mode of Communications. Verbal 81% Tone 19%

16. CRM Principle - Communication HOW?  Standard Procedures  Standard Phraseology  Check List Use

17. CRM Principle - Assertiveness Elements of Assertive Behavior Authority with Participation. Assertiveness with Respect The genuine, complete & direct communication of ideas, wants & needs.

18. CRM Principle - Assertiveness The Assertive Statement The Assertive Statement  Open-up; get their attention  State concern as “owned emotion”  State the problem - real or perceived  Offer a solution  Obtain agreement/closure

19. CRM Principle - Risk Risk Management RISK is a factor of: ProbabilitySeverityExposure

20. Risk Management Risk Management rules: Integrate Risk Management throughout; Planning, Enroute & Approach Integrate Risk Management throughout; Planning, Enroute & Approach Accept no unnecessary risk Accept no unnecessary risk Make risk decisions at the correct time Make risk decisions at the correct time

21. ROADBLOCKS CHAIN OF ERRORS: Often the key is to recognize the chain developing-then a crewmember can act to change the situation. CHAIN OF ERRORS: Often the key is to recognize the chain developing-then a crewmember can act to change the situation. BREAK THE CHAIN BREAK THE CHAIN

22. ROADBLOCKS HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES: Attitudes that impede effective CRM. HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES: Attitudes that impede effective CRM. –Macho - “I can do it.” –Anti-Authority - “Don’t tell me.” –Impulsivity - “Do something -quickly!” –Resignation - “What’s the use?” –Missionitis - “Let’s press on.”

23. ROADBLOCKS FATIGUE: Widely recognized enemy of pilots and crewmembers. FATIGUE: Widely recognized enemy of pilots and crewmembers. –A low frustration threshold –Degraded coordination –Slowness in response –Carelessness –Acceptance of low standards of accuracy

24. ROADBLOCKS STRENGTH OF AN IDEA: Tendency to unconsciously make the available evidence fit a preconceived situation; to see or hear what we want to hear, and substitute that for reality. It can take 15 seconds to “break” an idea that has been ingrained, but is incorrect. STRENGTH OF AN IDEA: Tendency to unconsciously make the available evidence fit a preconceived situation; to see or hear what we want to hear, and substitute that for reality. It can take 15 seconds to “break” an idea that has been ingrained, but is incorrect.

25. TOOLS TO AID IN CRM

26. TEAM WORK Controllers Controllers Other Aircraft Other Aircraft Passengers Passengers

27. PERSONAL MONITORING “I’M SAFE” ILLNESSMEDICATIONSLEEPALCOHOLFATIGUEEATING/EXERCISE

28. Principles of CRM S ituational Awareness S ituational Awareness C ommunications C ommunications A ssertive Behavior A ssertive Behavior R isk Assessment & Risk Management R isk Assessment & Risk Management

29. CRM RESOURCES Cockpit Resource Management: The Private Pilot's Guide by Thomas P. Turner Cockpit Resource Management: The Private Pilot's Guide by Thomas P. TurnerThomas P. TurnerThomas P. Turner http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/aviation.htm http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/aviation.htm

30. Superior pilots use superior judgment to avoid situations which require them to use their superior skills