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Lecture #23: Developmental Psychology , Part I Copyright © 2002 L.A. Lowe
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Questions to Consider What are some of the different theories of developmental psychology? What are some of the developmental milestones in: childhood? adolescence? adulthood?
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Major Theories in Developmental Freud’s five stage psychoSEXUAL theory. Piaget’s (1963) four stage cognitive developmental theory. Erikson’s (1963) eight stage theory of psychosocial personality development. Kohlberg’s (1969) three stage theory of moral development.
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Piaget’s (1963) Cognitive Developmental Theory Premise of Piaget’s theory: physical development of the CNS and brain leads to: cognitive and intellectual development in humans. Four stages of cognitive development: sensori-motor stage (birth to 2 years). pre-operational stage (2 to 7 years). concrete operational stage (7 to 11 yrs.) formal operational stage (11 yrs. & up).
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Piaget’s (1963) Theory Sensori-motor stage -- birth to age 2: Cognitive developmental milestones during this stage: understanding object permanence. understanding object permanence. usually acquired by ages 1-2. usually acquired by ages 1-2. understanding of deindividuation and independence of self from caretaker. understanding of deindividuation and independence of self from caretaker. lack of understanding object permanence: an object an infant no longer sees becomes, literally, “out of sight, out of mind” hence, stranger anxiety. an object an infant no longer sees becomes, literally, “out of sight, out of mind” hence, stranger anxiety.
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Piaget’s (1963) Theory (cont’d.) Pre-operational stage -- ages 2 to 7: Cognitive developmental “struggles” during this stage: egocentrism. egocentrism. animism -- personification. animism -- personification. artificialism -- nature as human-controlled. artificialism -- nature as human-controlled. conservation: conservation: objects or things remain the same, despite changes in appearance. objects or things remain the same, despite changes in appearance. pre-op. children CANNOT conserve. pre-op. children CANNOT conserve. objectivity in moral judgement -- lack of emotional intelligence, due to egocentrism. objectivity in moral judgement -- lack of emotional intelligence, due to egocentrism.
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Piaget’s (1963) Theory (cont’d.) Concrete operational stage -- ages 7 to 11: Cognitive developmental milestones during this stage: concrete operations: concrete operations: understanding of “cause-effect”. understanding of “cause-effect”. concrete logical thought (“seeing is believing”). concrete logical thought (“seeing is believing”). conservation is understood at this stage. conservation is understood at this stage. subjectivity in moral judgement -- beginnings of emotional intelligence (e.g., empathy, compassion, care, altruism, “Good Samaritanism”, etc.). subjectivity in moral judgement -- beginnings of emotional intelligence (e.g., empathy, compassion, care, altruism, “Good Samaritanism”, etc.).
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Piaget’s (1963) Theory (cont’d.) Formal operational stage -- ages 11 & up: Cognitive developmental milestones during this stage: abstract, logical thought. abstract, logical thought. absolutist, generalized thought? absolutist, generalized thought? i.e., “black and white” thinking. i.e., “black and white” thinking.
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Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory Isn’t cognitive development a lifelong process, not one that ends at age 12? Argument of a 5th stage of cognitive development: post-formal operational thought or dialectical reasoning: post-formal operational thought or dialectical reasoning: abstract, absolute, dynamic and fluid, “gray”, & flexible. abstract, absolute, dynamic and fluid, “gray”, & flexible.
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Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory (cont’d.) Not all children (or adults) reach the formal operational stage of C.D. in fact, it’s been argued that only 10% to 20% of all adults operate at a level of cognitive development beyond concrete operational stage (similar to Maslow’s statistic re: love and belongingness). Order of stages may be reached earlier by some children. e.g., conservation & emotional IQ can be understood by some pre-op. children).
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Next Time... Developmental Psychology, Part II. Please continue reading Chapter 11...
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Physiological Needs Safety & Security Needs Love & Belongingness Needs Esteem Needs Maslow’s (1970) Hierarchy of Needs Natural progression is upward Self- Actualization 80%-90% never develop beyond Love & Belongingness Are formal operations & post-conventional morality contingent upon L. & B.
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