1. The History of Computers
Developments Leading up to the Stored-Program Computer of Today
Designed by Mr. Wilhelmi

2. In The Beginning
Early humans counted on their fingers – evolution of base 10 numbering system

3. Abacus Orient 3000 years ago First calculating mechanism
Beads represent digits
Rods represent places – units, tens, hundreds, and higher multiples of ten

4. Blaise Pascal Invented the Pascaline in 1642
First mechanical adding machine

5. Gottfried Leibniz Invented Step Reckoner in 1671
Could add, subtract, multiply, divide, and evaluate square roots

6. Joseph Jacquard Jacquard’s Loom in 1810
Emphasized three computer concepts
1. Instructions
- used punched cards
2. Simple Program
- series of instructions
3. Automate job
- because of program

7. Charles Babbage Father of Computers Invented Analytical Engine in 1832
5 characteristics of modern computer
Input device – punch cards
Processor – mill
Control Unit
Storage Facility – store
Output device

8. Ada Augusta First Computer Programmer
wrote programs for the Analytical Engine
Her notes on the Analytical Engine was used in the future development
of computers

9. Herman Hollerith Invented Tabulating Machine for 1890 Census
First machine capable of processing statistical information from punched cards

10. Alan Turing Worked on Colossus computer in 1943
Used in World War II for cracking German codes (ENIGMA)

11. John Mauchly Presper Eckert
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator & Calculator) 1946
First electronic computer to go into operation

12. A moth got caught in the MARK II and shorted out a relay
Grace crawled in and removed it from inside the computer
Popularized the term “bug” to signify any system failure
The term “debugging” signifies solving a computer problem

13. John von Neumann “First Draft” – based on Input data Store data
his concepts, all computers
process data by carrying out
four specific activities:
Input data
Store data
Process data
Output data/results
This initiated the modern
computer era.
EDVAC - first electronic computer to use stored-program

14. First Generation Computers (1951-1958)
Vacuum tubes
for electronic circuits
Punched cards
for secondary memory/storage
Speed – Milliseconds
Thousands of operations per second
Machine and Assembly languages

15. Vacuum Tube Provided the electronic circuits for computer
6000 circuits/cubic foot
Konrad Zuse used it in instead of electromagnetic relays
Large and bulky. Generated enormous amounts of heat
Burned out frequently causing computer to be down for large amounts of time

16. Second Generation Computers (1959-1964)
Transistors
electronic circuits
Magnetic tape
secondary memory\storage
Speed – Microseconds
millions of operations per second
Programming languages
COBOL, Fortran, Symbolic

17. Comparison of the vacuum tube with the transistor
Replaced vacuum tubes as electronic circuits in computers
Developed by William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen from Bell Labs in 1947
Won the Nobel Prize in 1956 as a result
100,000 circuits/cubic foot
Comparison of the vacuum tube with the transistor

18. Third Generation Computers (1965-1970)
Integrated Circuits (IC)
electronic circuits
Magnetic tape
secondary memory\storage
Speed – Nanoseconds
Billions of operations per second
Silicon Chip
silicon crystal that IC is etched in

19. Integrated Circuit (IC)
Invented by Jack Kilby of
Texas Instruments in 1959
10 million circuits/cubic foot
Won the Nobel Prize in 2000 as a result

20. Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)
Personal micro-computer
Microprocessor
electronic circuits
Magnetic disk
secondary memory\storage
Speed – picoseconds
trillions of operations
per second
Virtual memory
mimics behavior of primary memory

21. Microprocessor Invented by Ted Hoff of Intel in 1971
Very Large Scale Integration (VSLI)
tens of thousands electronic components on each IC chip
Over 500 billion circuits/cubic foot

22. Steven Jobs Steve Wozniak
Invented Apple Macintosh in
First programmable computer available for personal use
First computer to use Graphical User Interface

23. Fifth Generation Computers (Future)
Artificial Intelligence
Computer learns from itself
Natural Language
Communicate with computer using everyday language
Parallel Processing
Ability to process millions of instructions simultaneously
Speed – gigaseconds
Quadrillions of operations per second

24. What will the future hold in the computer industry?