4.  Harry and Margaret Harlow discovered that infant monkeys left in isolation suffered emotional and behavioral damage.  Three children, Anna, Isabella, and Genie, were left in isolation and suffered emotional damage.  Social experience performs a crucial role in forming personality.

5.  Freud believed that biology plays a major role in human development.  Humans have two basic needs: > Eros (love instinct)> Thanatos (death instinct)  Freud’s model of personality has 3 basic parts: › The Id – basic human pleasure-seeking drives › The Ego – balances pleasure drives with demands of society › The Superego – internalized cultural values/norms  Culture, in the form of the superego, represses selfish demands

6.  Jean Piaget studied human cognition, how people think.  Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development: › The Sensorimotor Stage – experience through senses (new born to 2 years) › The Preoperational Stage – symbols and language (approx. age 2) › The Concrete Operational Stage – finding causal connections in one’s surroundings (approx. 7-11) › The Formal Operational Stage – critical and abstract thinking (around age 12 and beyond)

7.  Kohlberg studied moral reasoning, the ways individuals judge situations as right or wrong.  Young children experience the world in terms of pain and pleasure.  Teens lose their sense of selfishness as they align themselves with broader cultural norms.  Lastly, individuals begin to think about ethical principles beyond society’s norms.

8.  Gilligan compared the moral development of girls and boys.  The two sexes used different standards of rightness.  Boys have a justice perspective, relying on formal rules.  Girls have a care and responsibility perspective, relying on personal relationships.

11.  Erikson felt we face 8 challenges throughout the life course. 1. Infancy2. Toddlerhood 3. Preschool4. Preadolescence 5. Adolescence6. Young adulthood 7.Middle adulthood8. Old Age  Success in one stage prepares us for meeting the next.  He assumes all people meet these challenges at exactly the order presented.

13.  Learning continues throughout our lives.  Childhood is currently becoming shorter.  Adolescence is often a period of social and emotional turmoil.  Adulthood is characterized by early goal setting and later reflection.  Old age begins in the mid-sixties in the United States.