1. Checkpoint & Restart for Distributed Components in XCAT3 Sriram Krishnan* Indiana University, San Diego Supercomputer Center & Dennis Gannon Indiana University *srikrish@cs.indiana.edu

2. Long-running Distributed Applications on the Grid The Problem: 1 Launch simulation at Y 2. Launch simulation at Z 3. Link both simulations 4. Execute both simulations 5. Store results at X Y Z The Grid X Need an effective way to orchestrate such computations

3. Checkpoint & Restart Motivation  Basic fault tolerance via periodic checkpointing  Rollback to saved checkpoint upon failure  Dynamic rescheduling of jobs  Checkpoint and restart on another location Checkpointing Goals  Correctness  Portability  Minimal checkpoint size  Scalability  Interoperability  Checkpoint Availability

4. Outline Motivation Background  The XCAT3 framework  Checkpoint & Restart Checkpointing & Restart in XCAT3  Software Techniques  Algorithms  Experiments Conclusions & Future work

5. Application Orchestration: Component Architectures A Component Architecture consists of two parts:  Components  Software objects that implement a set of required behaviors  Frameworks  A runtime environment  A set of services used by components Benefits  Encapsulation, modular construction of programs (via composition), reuse Component Architectures adopted in various domains  Business: EJB, CCM, COM/DCOM  Scientific Computing: CCA

6. Common Component Architecture A ComponentID for identification & management purposes Ports: the public interfaces of a component  Defines the different ways we can interact with a component and the ways the component uses other services and components. Image Processing Component setImage(Image I) Image getImage() adjustColor() setFilter(Filter) calls doFFT(…) Provides Ports - interfaces functions provided by component Uses Ports - interface of a service used by component

7. XCAT3: CCA Framework for the Grid Grid Service Extensions (GSX) Toolkit used for OGSI Compatible Grid services  Standard protocols used by Grid services: SOAP, HTTP  http://www.extreme.indiana.edu/xgws/GSX  A Component is represented as a set of Grid services  Provides ports, ComponentID’s are Grid services  Uses ports are Grid service clients  Sriram Krishnan and Dennis Gannon. XCAT3: A Framework for CCA Components as OGSA Services. In HIPS 2004, 9th International Workshop on High-Level Parallel Programming Models and Supportive Environments. April 2004.XCAT3: A Framework for CCA Components as OGSA Services

8. Checkpointing: Software Techniques System-level Techniques  Automatic transparent checkpointing for an application at the operating system or middleware level User-defined Techniques  Non-transparent checkpointing for an application that relies on the programmer to identify the minimal information needed for restart

9. Checkpointing: Software Techniques Transparent to the user: No expertise required Not very portable across platforms Larger checkpoint sizes: Typically complete process images stored Less flexible: Application is treated as a black box Not transparent to the user: Considerable expertise required More portable across platforms Smaller checkpoint sizes: Only minimal state stored More flexible: Application information can be used System-LevelUser-defined

10. Checkpointing: Examples System-level Techniques  Condor  LAM-MPI  Enterprise Java Beans  CORBA Components User-defined Techniques  CUMULVS  Enterprise Java Beans  CORBA Components Global Grid Forum: Grid Checkpoint/Recovery Group  User-defined checkpointing APIs for Grid services  Do not address consistent global checkpoints for distributed applications  A set of individual checkpoints that constitute a state that occurs in a failure-free, correct execution

11. Checkpointing Technique in XCAT3 User-defined & System-assisted  User is responsible for identifying local component state  Framework is responsible for:  Generating complete state of the component, viz. local component state, connection state, and environment state  Algorithms for generating global component states, and storing them into stable storage Component writer implements the following methods:  generateComponentState()  loadComponentState()  resumeExecution()

12. Distributed Checkpointing Algorithm Overview: Coordinated blocking checkpoint algorithm  Block all port communication between components  Take individual checkpoints, and commit them atomically  Resume port communication between components Novelty: Application to RPC-based component framework  Typically, such algorithms are applied to messaging frameworks

13. The Big Picture Application Coordinator Persistent Storage X Y Z Distributed Components on the Grid Federation of Master (MS) & Individual Storage (IS) Services MS IS

14. Checkpoint Algorithm Application Coordinator Persistent Storage X Y Z MS IS Checkpoint Components

15. Checkpoint Algorithm Application Coordinator Persistent Storage X Y Z MS IS Block all port communication between components

16. Checkpoint Algorithm Application Coordinator Persistent Storage X Y Z MS IS All communication between components blocked

17. Checkpoint Algorithm Application Coordinator Persistent Storage X Y Z MS IS Find best available Storage service URLs

18. Checkpoint Algorithm Application Coordinator Persistent Storage X Y Z MS IS Store checkpoints into Storage services

19. Checkpoint Algorithm Application Coordinator Persistent Storage X Y Z MS IS Return storageID’s for stored state

20. Checkpoint Algorithm Application Coordinator Persistent Storage X Y Z MS IS Atomically update locators for individual checkpoints

21. Checkpoint Algorithm Application Coordinator Persistent Storage X Y Z MS IS Un-block communication between components

22. Checkpointing: Correctness Consistency of Global Checkpoint  A flavor of coordinated blocking algorithms – well accepted to be correct Atomicity of Checkpoints  Locators for the global checkpoint are updated atomically after all components have been checkpointed  Not possible to have a scenario where a global checkpoint consists of a combination of old and new individual checkpoints

23. Restart Algorithm Also implemented by the Application Coordinator Details  Destroy executing instances, if need be  Restart all components (possibly on other resources)  Load state of components from the Storage services  Resume execution of all control threads, after the states of every component have been loaded from the Storage services

24. Test Application: Chem-Eng Simulation Based on the simulation of copper electro-deposition on resistive substrate (NCSA-UIUC)  Master-Worker model of execution  Variable number of workers, and data size per worker generateComponentState(), loadComponentState(), and resumeExecution() methods added to support checkpointing and restart  Required identification of the various execution states of the master and worker components

25. Experiment Setup Hardware setup  8 node Linux cluster  2.8GHz dual processor Intel Xeon processors  Red Hat Linux 8.0  2GB Memory  1Gbps Ethernet  SUN’s JDK 1.4.2_04 Federation of 1 Master & 8 Individual Storage services used Single GSX-based Handle Resolver

26. Checkpointing: Master Processing

27. Checkpointing: Workers Processing

28. Future Work Framework  Integration with the Web Service Resource Framework (WSRF) Fault Tolerance  Fault Monitoring  Reliable communication between components  Checkpoint Optimizations  Storage Service Optimizations Applications  Use of XCAT3 for LEAD (http://lead.ou.edu)http://lead.ou.edu

29. Conclusions A framework for checkpointing & restart of distributed applications on the Grid  CCA-based component framework consistent with Grid standards  User-defined, platform-independent checkpoints  APIs for checkpointing, and algorithms for capturing global checkpoints and for restart provided by the framework http://www.extreme.indiana.edu/xcat/

30. Appendix

31. OGSI Compatibility Representation for Provides ports  In traditional Grid/Web services, multiple ports of the same portType are semantically equivalent  CCA allows multiple ports of the same type  CCA ports can not be mapped to Web service ports!  Hence, every Provides port is mapped as a separate Grid service  A single portType containing the Provides port interface Representation for Uses ports  Clients of Grid services (Provides ports)  Connections to Provides ports made at runtime

32. OGSI Compatibility Representation for the ComponentID  Also a Grid service  Acts as a Manager for the other Provides ports  Contains SDEs containing GSH/GSRs for the various Provides ports The Provides ports and ComponentID services, and the Uses ports communicate via shared state

33. Acme FFT component Building Applications by Composition Connect Uses Ports to Provides Ports. Image Processing Component getImage() adjustColor() Image tool graphical interface component Image database component setImage(…) doFFT(…)

34. Restart Algorithm

35. Test Application: Chem-Eng Simulation