1. 1 제목 서강대학교 교수학습센터 부소장 정유성 Chapter 1: Globalization and Area Studies September 15, 2014 Prof. Dr. Kyu Young LEE

2. 2 Introducing Globalization Worldwide interconnectedness is growing in: –Extensity –Intensity –Velocity –Impact

3. 3 Globalization as a process characterized by (1) * A stretching of social, political, and economic activities across political frontiers so that events, decisions, and activities in one region of the world come to have significance for individuals and communities in distant regions of the globe. Civil wars and conflict in the world’s poorest regions, for instance, increase the flow of asylum seekers and illegal migrants into the world’s affluent countries;

4. 4 Globalization as a process characterized by (2) * The intensification, or the growing magnitude, of interconnectedness, in almost every sphere of social existence from the economic to the ecological, from the activities of Microsoft to the spread of harmful microbes, such as the SARS virus, from the intensification of world trade to the spread of weapons of mass destruction;

5. 5 Globalization as a process characterized by (3) * The accelerating pace of global interactions and processes as the evolution of worldwide systems of transport and communication increases the rapidity or velocity with which ideas, news, goods, information, capital, and technology move around the world. Routine telephone banking transactions in the UK are dealt with by call centres in India in real time, whilst at the outset of the recent financial crisis stock markets across the globe displayed a synchronized collapse within hours rather than in weeks as in the Great Crash of 1929;

6. 6 Globalization as a process characterized by (4) * The growing extensity, intensity, and velocity of global interactions is associated with a deepening enmeshment of the local and global in so far as local events may come to have global consequences and global events can have serious local consequences, creating a growing collective awareness or consciousness of the world as a shared social space, that is globality or globalism. This is expressed, among other ways, in the worldwide diffusion of the very idea of globalizations itself as it becomes incorporated into the world’s many languages, from Mandarin to Gaelic.

7. 7 Introducing Globalization Globalization denotes –A shift in the scale of social organization –The emergence of the world as shared social space –Relative de-territorialization of social, economic and political activity –Relative de-nationalization of power

8. 8 Definitions of Globalization (1) Globalization is variously defined in the literature as: 1.‘The intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.’ (Giddens 1990: 21) 2.‘The integration of the world-economy.’ (Gilpin 2001: 364) 3.‘De-territorialization - or … the growth of supraterritorial relations between people.’ (Scholte 2000: 46) 4.‘time-space compression.’ (Harvey 1989)

9. 9 Definitions of Globalization (2) Globalization – “a process that involves a great deal more than simply growing connections or interdependence between states.” It can be defined as: “A historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities and expands the reach of power relations across regions and continents.”  Not the same as internationalization  Not the same as regionalization

10. 10 Globalization – internationalization vs. regionalization (1) * Globalization - distinguished from more spatially delimited processes such as internationalization and regionalization 1.Internationalization (1) refers to growing interdependence between states; Internationalization (2) presumes that they remain discrete national units with clearly demarcated borders. -Globalization refers to a process in which the very distinction between the domestic and the external breaks down. -Distance and time are collapsed, so that events many thousands of miles away can come to have almost immediate local consequences while the impacts of even more localized developments may be diffused rapidly around the globe.

11. 11 Globalization – internationalization vs. regionalization (2) If globalization refers to transcontinental or transregional networks, flows, or interconnectedness, then 2. Regionalization can be conceived as the intensification of patterns of interconnectedness and integration among states that have common borders or are geographically proximate, as in the European Union. Accordingly, whereas flows of trade and finance between the world’s three major economic blocs – North America, Asia Pacific, and Europe – constitute globalization, by contrast, such flows within these blocs are best described as regionalization.

12. 12 Contemporary Globalization Robust even after September 11 th, 2001 A multi-dimensional, uneven, and asymmetrical process Best described as a “thick” form of globalization, or globalism

13. 13 A World Transformed Transforming the Westphalian ideal of sovereign statehood Shifting our thinking from geopolitical to global politics --> focus on the politics of worldwide social relations Distorted global politics: characterized by significant power asymmetries

14. 14 Global Politics: from distorted to cosmopolitan? Double democratic deficit –Limits democracy within states –Creates new global governance mechanisms which lack democratic credentials New global political theory draws upon cosmopolitan thinking –Distorted politics as contest between statism and cosmopolitanism in conduct of world affairs –Offers account of desirability and feasibility of democratization of global politics

15. 15 CHARACTERIZING AREA STUDIES (1) * Rationales for organizing and funding area studies programs (1) To meet the intelligence and security requirements of a state – for example the United States during WWII faced with the enemies of Germany in Europe and Japan in the Asia-Pacific region and after the war in the struggle with the Soviet Union for hegemonic influence in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

16. 16 CHARACTERIZING AREA STUDIES (2) * Rationales for organizing and funding area studies programs (2) To study decolonizing countries, developing third-world states, through to new industrialized countries with special reference to the modernization processes of economic and urban development, democratization, and security alignments.

17. 17 * Rationales for organizing and funding area studies programs (3) To analyze problems and issues of particular world regions in the present era of globalization with reference to economic transition, democratization, communicational and cultural change. In this regard to respond to the world-historical reality that different geographical/geopolitical regions pose specific problems. CHARACTERIZING AREA STUDIES (3)

18. 18 * Rationales for organizing and funding area studies programs (4) To carry out the single or multidisciplinary of the history, geography, demography, language(s), society, economy, political system, law, culture(s) and religion(s) of a particular country with special reference to furthering the national interests of a particular state. Note: single disciplinary emphasis in relation to one of economy, society, political system, or culture equals “functional specialization.” CHARACTERIZING AREA STUDIES (4)

19. 19 * Rationales for organizing and funding area studies programs (5) To study societies, political systems, economies, and cultures, of regional groupings, which form distinctive types in the context of studying global changes in population, economy, society, politics, culture, and law as they are determined by – and in turn determine – regional and interregional identities – again with special reference to furthering the national interests of a particular state. Note: Again single disciplinary emphasis in relation to one of economy, society, political system, or culture equals “functional specialization.” CHARACTERIZING AREA STUDIES (5)

20. 20 * Rationales for organizing and funding area studies programs (6) To enable interdisciplinary collaboration in teaching and research. CHARACTERIZING AREA STUDIES (6)

21. 21 CHARACTERIZING AREA STUDIES (7) * Defining “area studies” (1) Definitions will vary with the different rationales for undertaking area studies research and organizing programs in universities, institutes, or think tanks. (2) It is intellectually prudent, then, to characterize (rather abstractly define) “area studies” historically with regard to (a) the different rationales for organizing and funding area studies programs and (b) the different emphasis given to disciplinary or multidisciplinary (but not interdisciplinary) study.

22. 22 CHARACTERIZING AREA STUDIES (8) (3) As “area studies” remain controversial it is necessary to reflexively understand the concept as “essentially contested.” Thus it is naïve to take the label “area studies” for granted and to attach it unquestioningly to one country or region.

23. 23 Studying Region : Learning from the Old, Constructuring the New The Study of Regions (1) The First Wave (2) The New Wave

24. 24 (1) The First Wave Fostered by “Functionalism” The empirical impetus being the formation of European Economic Community Begins in 1950s and stagnates in 1970s

25. 25 (2) The New Wave Starting from mid 1980s A response to a number of significant regional projects (EC(EU), NAFTA, MERCOSUR, ASEAN, APEC)

26. 26 The New Regionalism Theory Has to answer to more “whys” and “hows’ of regionalism. –How regionalisation is socially constructed? –Why some regions develop into higher levels of regionness? –What are the world order implications?

27. 27 Theorising the Rise of Regionness Metatheoretical postulates (1) Global social theory (2) Social constructivism (3) Comparative regional studies

28. 28 (1) Global social theory A comprehensive social science that abandons state-centrism Must distinguish the new aspects from the old Has to come to terms with the micro-macro relation since the distinction between international and domestic is being transcended. Contributing to a comprehensive, interdisciplinary, historically based international social science.

29. 29 (2) Social constructivism Provides a theoretically rich way of conceptualizing the interactions between different factors Emphasizes the importance of shared knowledge It considers political communities as constructed by historically contingent interactions and not as an independent given

30. 30 (3) Comparative studies Comparative analysis should be used with care in social sciences to avoid generalization outside the relevant context Helps against culture-bound interpretations and ethnocentric favoring Very crucial for theory building

31. 31 Theorising regionness (1) Regionness is a degree to which a particular area constitutes a distinct entity, distinguished as a coherent territorial subsystem NRT(the New Regionalism Theory) describes the process of regionalization in terms of levels of regionness

32. 32 Five generalised levels of regionness are outlined –Regional space –Regional complex –Regional society –Regional community –Region-state Theorising regionness (2)

33. 33 Regional space A functioning society cannot exist separated from territory A region is strongly rooted in territorial space A potential region can be identified as a primarily geographical unit Lack of organized international society This level of regionness can be referred to as a “pre-regional zone”

34. 34 Regional complex Frequent contact between human communities giving rise to a regional social system A real starting point for the regionalisation process Implies widening translocal relations between human groups and influences between cultures One of the main concerns at this level being security and stability of the regional system(“conflict formation”)

35. 35 Regional society (1) The crucial regionalisation process develops and intensifies Multidimensional regionalisation: Emergence of processes of interaction between many state and nonstate actors in several areas: economic, political, cultural. This level of regionness may be resulted from formalised regional cooperation or more spontaneously

36. 36 Increasing interdependence and relaxed inward-orientation The close ties contribute to formation of a transnational regional economy and regional civil society Regional society (2)

37. 37 Regional community Transformation of the region into a distinct identity A “security community”, where the level of regionness makes it unimaginable to solve conflicts by violent within the region Micro-regions relate to the larger macro-region in a mutually reinforcing manner In order for high levels of regionness to exist, regionalisation requires degree of compatibility of culture, identity and fundamental values

38. 38 Region-state High level of cultural heterogeneity Homogenisation does not imply cultural standardisation, rather compatibility between differences within a pluralist culture Region-states cannot be based on force Constitutes a voluntary evolution of sovereign national communities into a new form of political entity

39. 39 Regionness and Security Communities Main differences between NRT and Security Communities approach –SC starts from a system of states vs. NRT’s pre-state historical approach –NRT emphasizes that not only nation-states have been providers of security and welfare –NRT, unlike SC, considers regions in their geographical territorial sense

40. 40 Conclusion (1) The global tendency of regionalisation needs more theoretical research Regionalisation processes are related to globalization and they interact under different circumstances of regionness Regions are rooted in territory The actors behind regionalist projects are not states only, but large number of different institutions, organizations etc.

41. 41 Is the regionalisation process really limited in its geographical borders? Does religion play an important role in the process of regionalisation? How can the international organizations like IMF, Worldbank influence processes in different regions? Conclusion (2)