1. Fluids
A fluid is anything that flows (liquid or a gas)

2. Density The density ρ of an object is its mass per unit volume:
The unit for density is kg/m3
Material
Density (kg /m3)
Aluminium
2700
Gold
19300
Ice
917
Water
1000
Oil
800
Air
1.29
Helium
0.179

3. Pressure
Pressure is force acting perpendicular to a surface divided by the area A over which the force acts.

4. Knives, scissors, needles, papercuts…Why are these items effective in cutting or puncturing?

5. How is pressure defined within a fluid?
Pressure in Fluids
Pressure is the same in every direction in a fluid at a given depth; if it were not, the fluid would flow….static equilibrium.
How is pressure defined within a fluid?

6. Consider a beaker of water of area A and height, h.
Derive an expression for the weight of the water on top of bottom surface. h
Fbot 6

7. In which container would a fish experience more pressure from the liquid if the fish was at the bottom of each container? A B C D

8. There are a series of special one-way valves in the neck that regulates blood flow, and there is a special net of elastic blood vessels at the base of the brain. Without these valves and elastic blood vessels, the blood pressure in the giraffe's head would be immense when it bends over, enough to cause brain damage. The same is true when the head gets lifted where it needs more pressure. The same happens to us where our arteries constrict or dilate to regulate blood flow.
Why doesn’t a giraffe’s brain explode when it drinks from a puddle or faint when it raises its head to such a large height above the heart?

9. Pressure / Density Questions
1. Why do swimmers float better in the ocean than in a lake?
2. Why don’t they make longer snorkels so that people could dive deeper without scuba gear?
3. How do submarines change depth?
4. When ice cubes melt when floating in water, does the water level rise, fall, or remain the same?

10. Explain

11. Buoyant Force (FB) The pressure at the top surface is given by:
The pressure at the bottom surface is given by:

12. Archimedes’ Principle
A fluid will apply a buoyant force to an object that is partially or completely immersed in it; the magnitude of the
If the FB > mobjectg,
If the mobjectg > FB (max),

13. Archimedes’ Principle & Density
If ρobject > ρfluid
If ρobject < ρfluid
If ρobject = ρfluid 13

14. For a floating object, the fraction that is submerged is given by the ratio of the object’s density to that of the fluid. 14

15. A plastic cube that measures 2cm on each side has a density of 706kg/m3. It is connected by a string to the bottom of the tank filled with water.
a) Find the tension in the string.
b) Determine the acceleration of the plastic if the string is cut

16. A geologist finds a rock. He determines the weight of the rock to be 32.14N while its apparent weight is 25.77N when placed in water. What is the density of this rock?

17. A frog in a hemispherical pod finds that he just floats without sinking in a fluid of density 1.35 g/cm3. If the pod has a radius of 6.00cm and negligible mass, what is the mass of the frog?

18. QUESTIONS: An air-filled balloon is floating just at the surface of the water as shown with a solid weight hanging from it.
a) What is true between the weight of the system and the buoyant force on the system?
b) What if balloon is given a large shove downward and then let go. Describe the subsequent motion of balloon.

19. Consider a boat loaded with scrap iron in a swimming pool
Consider a boat loaded with scrap iron in a swimming pool. If the iron is thrown overboard into the pool, will the water level at the edge of the pool rise, fall, or remain unchanged?

20. Pascal’s Principle
Any change in pressure applied to a completely enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and the closed walls.
Brakes, hydraulics, syringes, etc

21. Atmospheric Pressure
At sea level the atmospheric pressure is about 101.3kPa. This is called one atmosphere (1 atm). We also know this as 14.7 lb/in2.
30km
air
Where does air pressure come from?
About 99% of atmosphere is below 30km (~20miles)
What is force on piece of paper sitting on table?

22. Archimedes’ Principle for Gases
This principle also works in the air; this is why hot-air and helium balloons rise.

23. Barometer
A mercury barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure. The height of the column of mercury is such that the pressure in the tube at the surface level is 1 atm.

24. To what length could water be drawn up a vertical straw?

25. Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
Most pressure gauges measure the pressure above the atmospheric pressure – this is called the gauge pressure.
A car tire is inflated to 35psi. Is that the gauge pressure?

26. Example
Each of the four tires of a 1450-kg car have a gauge pressure of 221 kPa (32.0 lb/in2). How much area of each tire is in contact with the ground?

27. Pressure & Boiling
The lower the pressure on a liquid, the easier it is to make it boil, i.e., as pressure increases, so does the boiling pt.

28. Fluids in Motion

29. Equation of continuity
The volume flow rate (Av) has the same value at every point along a tube that has a single entry and exit point for the fluid flow. For two positions…

30. Example
Calculate the mass flow rate of blood (1.0g/cm3) in an aorta with cross sectional area 2.0cm2 if the flow speed is 0.40m/s.

31. Bernoulli’s Principle
In steady flow for an incompressible fluid, the density ρ, the pressure P, the fluid velocity v and elevation y are related through

32. *Note on Bernoulli equation
When a problem asks for gauge pressure, it wants the Patm subtracted out.
When calculating P1 or P2 this is the ABSOLUTE pressure. To find GAUGE pressure, you need to subtract away Patm.
Pabs = Patm + Pgauge

33. Example
If wind blows at 24.5m/s over the roof of a house, what is the NET force on the roof if it has an area of 335m2?
As wind blows over top, what happens to pressure on outside? Inside?

34. Application: Air moves faster over top of wing, slower beneath
Application: Air moves faster over top of wing, slower beneath. This leads to lower pressure over wing and is one of factors that contributes to uplift of plane.

35. Water circulates throughout a house in a hot-water heating system
Water circulates throughout a house in a hot-water heating system. The water is pumped out at a speed of 0.50m/s through a 4.0cm diameter pipe in the basement under a pressure of 3.0 atm. It proceeds 5.0m upwards to 2nd floor where it moves through a 2.6cm diameter pipe.
Determine the flow speed in smaller pipe.
Determine the gauge pressure in smaller pipe

36. Application: Curve ball, air on one side of spinning ball faster than the other (leads to pressure difference)

37. Application: Atomizers, spray bottles, lawn sprayers

38. Determine an expression for the speed at which water leaves the tank which is a height h below the surface.