1. www.ieagreen.org.uk Transporting CO 2 John Davison IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Workshop on CCS, KEPRI, 19 th October 2007

2. www.ieagreen.org.uk How can CO 2 be Transported? Onshore Truck/rail Pipeline Offshore Ship Or any combination

3. www.ieagreen.org.uk CO 2 Phase Diagram Ships Large pipelines

4. www.ieagreen.org.uk CO 2 Compression Dakota Gasification Plant CO 2 for Weyburn EOR project MAN Turbo geared centrifugal compressors Power ~14 MW Mass Flow: 125 tonnes/hr Inlet Pressure: 1 bar Discharge Pressure: 190 bar 2 units started operation in 2000 3 rd unit started operation in June 2006

5. www.ieagreen.org.uk Pipeline Transmission Pipeline transmission of CO 2 is well established Large pipelines have been used to supply CO 2 for EOR since the early 1970s Most pipelines are in the USA (Texas/New Mexico) About 4000 km are in use today Most of the CO 2 is from natural sources Individual pipeline capacities are up to 20 Mt/y

6. www.ieagreen.org.uk Weyburn Pipeline Pipeline from USA to Canada 330 km long CO 2 from coal gasification used for enhanced oil recovery CO 2 contains about 1% H 2 S and traces of mercaptans Good for detecting small leaks

7. www.ieagreen.org.uk CO 2 Pipeline Design Pipeline pressures: 10-20 MPa (existing pipelines) CO 2 is a “dense phase” fluid (about 0.8 t/m 3 ) No free water to avoid corrosion and hydrate formation Special steels are not required Non-condensibles, e.g N 2 should not exceed 4mol%

8. www.ieagreen.org.uk Pipeline Safety CO 2 is not flammable or explosive CO 2 is an asphyxiant and is heavier than air Leaking CO 2 may accumulate in low-lying places Odourless and colourless, so difficult to detect The number of incidents per pipeline-km is similar for existing CO 2 and natural gas pipelines No deaths or injuries from CO 2 pipeline accidents Existing pipelines are mostly is sparsely populated regions Existing pipelines pass through some small built-up areas Further work is needed to assess potential hazards in some situations, e.g. for offshore EOR

9. www.ieagreen.org.uk Shipping CO 2 by Tanker CO 2 can be transported by ship as a liquid Typically >0.6 MPa, <-55°C CO 2 tankers are similar to LPG tankers Ships could be attractive For long distances For small, short term projects CO 2 tanker LPG tanker Large LPG tanker

10. www.ieagreen.org.uk CO 2 Pipeline Costs Source: IPCC Special Report on CCS

11. www.ieagreen.org.uk CO 2 Transmission Costs Transport of 6Mt/y of CO 2 Source: IPCC Special Report on CCS

12. www.ieagreen.org.uk Summary CO 2 pipelines have operated for many years Existing pipelines have a good safety record Further work is needed to assess potential hazards in some circumstances Ships could be attractive in some cases Ships for CO 2 are similar to LPG tankers