1. Indoor Air Pollution: A Life Threatening Problem in Siete de Abril Presented by: Christine Exley and Katie MacEwen

2. Indoor Air Pollution Background Sources Emissions Concentrations Exposure Dose Health Effects Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) is the fourth leading cause of death of children under the age of 5 in developing countries

3. Improved Stove Initiative Started in Fall of 2007 Three Phase Study –Phase I: Preliminary Evaluation –Phase II: Monitoring and Evaluation of IAP Emissions –Phase III: Evaluation of Entire Initiaitve

4. Initiative’s Population According to Students Helping Honduras: Siete de Abril is "the largest squatter community in El Progreso, housing over 75 families including 200 children." Extreme Poverty

5. Phase I (January 6-13, 2008)

6. Phase I 53 surveys 1. Household observations/measurements 2. Health questionnaire 3. Peak flow meter respiratory health assessment Map of community of Siete de Abril Education about IAP

7. 1. Households Observations/ Measurements

8. Fuel Type

9. Fuel Source

10. Kitchen and Stove Details CharacteristicFrequencyPercentage Kitchen Enclosure Enclosed1428.57% Semi-Open1938.77% Open1632.65% Kitchen Location Part of Main Living Area1122.45% Separate Room Attached to House 1632.65% Separate Building2244.90% Chimney918.37%

11. 2. Health Questionnaire

12. Cough and Phlegm # with "chronic problem" % with "chronic problem" % that cite smoke as cause Cough3158.49%41.94% Phlegm2241.51%30%

13. Other Symptoms SymptomNumber with Symptom Percentage with Symptom Number of NA Wheezing2241.51%0 Trouble Breathing 2955.77%1 Headaches3876.00%3 Backaches3777.08%5 Watery Eyes3472.34%6 Burns1530.61%4

14. 3. Peak Flow Meter Health Assessment

16. Peak Flow Readings

17. Regression Results

18. PEAKFLOW = f (AGE,Fuel Type, HHsize) Symptoms = f (AGE, Chimney, Fuel Type, HHsize, Kitchen Location, Kitchen Enclosure) WHERE: Symptoms =Cough, Phlegm, Wheezing, Breathing and Headaches AGE = Age of Head Female Chimney = Stove Chimney (dummy variable) Fuel Type = GasWood (dummy variable) Woodgas (dummy variable) Wood (dummy variable) Gas (measured by omission) HHsize =# of Individuals living in House Kitchen Location =Separate Building (dummy variable) Separate Room (dummy variable) Part of Main Living Area (measured by omission) Kitchen Enclosure =Enclosed (dummy variable) Semi-Open (dummy variable) Open (measured by omission)

19. Notes on Results More data needed to be conclusive Evidence of problems with -Phlegm- Wheezing -Cough-Trouble Breathing -Burns-Headaches -Watery Eyes -Respiratory Problems Relatively Significant Results wrt: -Age - Household Size - Kitchen Location - Fuel Type

20. Phase 2 (Spring 2008)

21. Phase II Selected 25 Intervention Households (Sebastian Africano) –Measured IAP Emissions (UC Berkeley) –Installed New Stoves in Intervention Househoulds (AHDESA/Josue from SHH) –Re-Measured IAP Emissions

24. Decrease in IAP Emissions

25. Phase III (January 3-10, 2009)

26. Phase III 53 surveys on: 1. Self-rated health of the women 2. Uptake of improved stoves 3. Sustainability of improved stoves

27. 1.Self Rated Health No valid results between overall health results and health comparisons of intervention and control group In which way, for better or worse, has the improved stove changed your life, if there has been any change at all? 19/26 (73.08%) cited smoke

28. 1. Self Rated Health with respect to Smoke Smoke reduction influence your health?  64.17% - health improved Smoke reduction influenced your kids health?  75% – health improved

29. 2. Uptake Incentives: Benefits of Improved Stove Actuality: With Improved Stove (26) Perception: Without Improved Stove (26) Total (53) Less Smoke 24 (92.31%) 20 (76.92%) 45 (84.91%) Less Wood 23 (88.46%) 19 (73.08%) 43 (91.13%)

30. 2. Uptake Incentives: Faster or Slower? Actuality: With Improved Stove (26) Perception: Without Improved Stove (26) Total (53) Faster13 (50.00%) 7 (26.92%) 20 (37.74%) Slower11 (42.31%) 6 (23.08%) 17 (32.08%) Depends4 (15.38%) 0 (0.00%) 4 (7.55%) Did not cite6 (23.08) 13 (50.00%) 20 (37.74%)

31. 2. Uptake Disincentives: Costs of Improved Stoves Actuality: With Improved Stove (26) Perception: Without Improved Stove (26) Total (53) Cost is too High 2 (7.69%) 13 (50.00%) 15 (28.30%) Fuel Requirements Difficult 9 (34.62%) 4 (15.38%) 13 (24.53%)

32. 2. Uptake Disincentives: Reasons did not buy Improved Stove

33. 3. Sustainability More money needed in order to install any more stoves

34. Possible Solution to Uptake and Sustainability: Microfinance

35. Special Thanks to… The People of Siete de Abril Students Helping Honduras The Carter Foundation ]The University of Mary Washington Volunteers