1. Experiences with RPC Detectors in Iran and their Potential Applications Tarbiat Modares University Ahmad Moshaii A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12) IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12): Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics School of Physics, IPM, Tehran, Iran September 26-October 1, 2012 (5-10 Mehr, 1391) (TMU)Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

2.  Introducing Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detector  Simulation of RPC performance  Experimental activities with RPC detector  Potential Applications of RPC detector Outlines A. Moshaii, First IPM Meeting on LHC Physics, Isfahan 20-24 April, 2009A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

3. HIGH RESISTIVITY ELECTRODE GAS GAP GRAPHITE COATING INSULATOR (Myler) READOUT STRIPS Y READOUT STRIPS X HV GND SPACER Introducing Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) Detector Transverse slice through RPC: Resistivity of the plates should be more than 10 10 .cm A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

4. An Introduction to RPC 3D View: A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

5. An Introduction to RPC Layout of CMS RPCs: A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

6. High Resistive Plates Gas Gap Ionization Beam + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Principles of Operation A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

7. High Resistive Plates Gas Gap + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Principles of Operation + _ A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

8. High Resistive Plates Gas Gap + + + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - + + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Principles of Operation A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

9. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + High Resistive Plates Gas Gap 1s for Glass 10ms for Bakelite Principles of Operation A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

11. RPC Operation Regions I I.Recombination II.Ionization III.Proportional IV.Limited Proportional V.Geiger-Muller VI.Discharge IIIII IVV VI V1V3V2V5V4V6 Applied Voltage Pulse Amplitude (log scale) Modes of Operation A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

12. RPC Streamer Mode RPC Avalanche Mode Breakdown Point I I.Recombination II.Ionization III.Proportional IV.Limited Proportional V.Geiger-Muller VI.Discharge IIIII IVV VI V1V3V2V5V4V6 Applied Voltage Pulse Amplitude (log scale) Modes of Operation A. Moshaii, First IPM Meeting on LHC Physics, Isfahan 20-24 April, 2009

13. Space Charge Becomes Important I I.Recombination II.Ionization III.Proportional IV.Limited Proportional V.Geiger-Muller VI.Discharge IIIII IVV VI V1V3V2V5V4V6 Applied Voltage Pulse Amplitude (log scale) Modes of Operation A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

14. Space Charge Effect: The electrons are collected relatively quickly (ns) at the anode leaving behind the positive ions that move much more slowly. The positive ions form a space charge that appreciably distort the electric field and the process of electron avalanche inside the gap. Modes of Operation Space charge is the main factor restricting the avalanche growth A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

15. Simulation of RPC performance Based on Transport Equations: n e is the number density of electrons n + and n - are the number densities of positive and negative ions S is photon contribution for the electrons avalanche Townsend Coefficient : Attachment Coefficient: Drift Velocity :

16. Dynamic Simulation Based on Transport Equations: Space charge field: A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

17. Simulation Input: (Townsend Coefficient, Attachment Coefficient, Drift Velocity) MAGBOLTZ (Townsend Coefficient, Attachment Coefficient, Drift Velocity) Steve Biagi Dynamic Simulation A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

18. Dynamic Simulation Space Charge: Anode Cathode Origin A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

19. r Gap Anode Cathode P Dynamic Simulation Space Charge: A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

20. = Initial condition = Boundary condition = Interior point Finite Difference Method (Lax Numerical Scheme): Time Distance Dynamic Simulation A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

21. Dynamic Simulation 1)Avalanche Mode 2)Avalanche to Streamer Transition 3)Streamer Mode R. Cardarelli, V. Makeev, R. Santonico, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A382 (1996) 470 A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

22. Dynamic Simulation Initial Conditions: 1)Avalanche Mode A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

23. Monte Carlo Simulation & Results Charge Spectrum:

24. Dynamic Simulation Spatiotemporal Growth: 1)Avalanche Mode approximate analytical solution. Compared to: P. Fonte, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science, 43:2135–2140, 1996 A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

25. Dynamic Simulation 1)Avalanche Mode A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

26. Dynamic Simulation Space Charge Field: 1)Avalanche Mode A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

27. Dynamic Simulation 1)Avalanche Mode ( 5 Clusters ) Initial Conditions: A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

28. Dynamic Simulation 1)Avalanche Mode ( 5 Clusters ) Spatiotemporal Growth: A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

29. Dynamic Simulation 1)Avalanche Mode ( 5 Clusters ) Spatiotemporal Growth: A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

30. Dynamic Simulation 1)Avalanche Mode ( 5 Clusters ) Spatiotemporal Growth: A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

31. Dynamic Simulation 1)Avalanche Mode ( 5 Clusters ) Spatiotemporal Growth: A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

32. 1)Avalanche Mode ( 5 Clusters ) Spatiotemporal Growth: Dynamic Simulation A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

33. 1)Avalanche Mode ( 5 Clusters ) Total Electric Field: Dynamic Simulation Still not enough to distort the applied field A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

34. 1)Avalanche Mode ( 5 Clusters ) Dynamic Simulation A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

35. 2)Avalanche to Streamer Transition Dynamic Simulation Spatiotemporal Growth: A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

36. 2)Avalanche to Streamer Transition Dynamic Simulation Space Charge Field: Space Charge is becoming comparable to the applied field A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

37. 3)Streamer Mode Dynamic Simulation Spatiotemporal Growth: A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

38. Dynamic Simulation 3)Streamer Mode Pre-Pulse Streamer Pulse A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

39. Main Simulation outputs: Monte Carlo Avalanche Simulation Space Charge Avalanche Mode Saturated Avalanche Mode Streamer Formation Dynamic Simulation A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

40. Window glass HIGH RESISTIVITY ELECTRODE Window glass Experimental activities with RPC detector GAS GAP Silicone glue 38 cm 45 cm GRAPHITE COATING Graphite coating 20 kΩ HV connection INSULATOR Mylar sheet READOUT STRIPS X READOUT STRIPS Y Resistor R=50 Ω Faraday cage Aluminum foil

41. Gas Mixing System Diagram Construction of the Gas Mixing System for RPCs

42. 150 cm 50 cm Construction of the Gas Mixing System for RPCs 2- States Valve: To allow the gas flow Regulator: To adjust the input gas pressure Pressure Gauge: to show the input gas pressure Temperature Gauge: to show the input gas temperature Mixer: to mix the used gases (Ar/CO2) Low Range Flow Meter( 0-20 L/H) 3-States valve: To select the output gas mixture Gas Mixture Outputs Bubbler: To have a uniform flow in RPC Pressure Gauge: to show the mixed gas pressure Gas Connector

43. Glass RPC HV HV Supply ground +HV -HV Digital oscilloscop e signal Gas input Gas output Gas mixin g syste m Ar 50 Ω CO2 bubbler Experimental Setup Experimental Study of the RPCs Time Resolution

44. 1/16/2010TMU44 Glass RPC HV HV Supply ground +HV -HV Digital oscilloscop e signal Gas input Gas output Gas mixin g syste m Ar 50 Ω CO2 bubbler Charged particles Rise Time: Electron Component Fall Time: Ion Component Experimental Study of the RPCs Time Resolution

45. 1/16/2010TMU45 2-mm glass RPC 2-mm Gas Gap HV= 3.5 kv Ar

46. 1-mm glass RPC 1-mm Gas Gap HV= 4, 5 kv Ar/CO2 50/50 HV= 4 kv HV= 5 kv HV= 4 kv HV= 5 kv

47. 2-mm glass RPC 1-mm Gas Gap HV= 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 kv Ar/CO2 50/50 HV= 2.5 kv HV= 3.5 kv HV= 4 kv HV= 3 kv HV= 2.5 kv HV= 4 kv HV= 3.5 kv HV= 3 kv

48. 2-mm glass RPC 1-mm Gas Gap HV= 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 kv Ar/CO2 70/30 HV= 2.5 kv HV= 4 kv HV= 3.5 kv HV= 3 kv HV= 2.5 kv HV= 3.5 kvHV= 4 kv HV= 3 kv

49. 2-mm glass RPC 1-mm Gas Gap HV= 2, 3, 3.5 kv Ar/CO2 85/15 HV=2 KV HV=3 KV HV=3.5 KV HV=2 kv HV=3 kv HV=3.5 kv

50. 2-mm glass RPC 1-mm Gas Gap Entries: 200 HV= 3 kv Ar/CO2 50/50

51. Applications: CERN as a trigger detector Cosmic Ray Detection TOF Measurements PET RPC Applications Importance: Economically Efficient High Efficiency Simple Configuration Good Time Resolution A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

52. CMS Forward RPCs Disk RE4/1RE4/2RE4/3 No. of Chambers 18*236*2 Four stations in each endcap Three rings in each station Disk RE3/1RE2/1RE1/1 No. of Chambers 18*2 36*2 A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

54. Conclusion All works are going to schedule and progressing well Thanks for your attentions And thanks to all colleagues and students collaborating in the works: Pezeshkian, Doroud, Khosravi, Eskandari, Radkhorami, Hosseini, and Jamali A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

55. Preparing a dedicated gas mixing system for RPCs equipped with digital MFCs The system now is equipped by two different gases and is ready to use for test of RPCs GAS MIXING SYSTEM A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

56. Experimental activities at CERN (ISR lab) Construction of a prototype RE1/1 RPC in collaboration with Korean colleagues A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

57. Production of 4 prototypes Front End Board (FEB) for CMS RPCs A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)

58. FEB production at IPM The board has about 250 electronics components A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)