1. 1 Chapter 9 Muscular System Three Types of Muscle Tissues Skeletal Muscle usually attached to bones, skin, deep fascia voluntary striated Smooth Muscle walls of most viscera, blood vessels, skin involuntary not striated Cardiac Muscle wall of heart involuntary striated

2. 2 Excitability –Similar to nervous tissue –Stimulus initiates action potential (impulse) Contractility –Shorten and thicken –Actively do work when stimulus is received Muscle Tissue Characteristics

3. 3 Extensibility –Ability to be stretched –Paired muscle groups Elasticity –Ability to return to its original shape after contracting or extending Muscle Tissue Characteristics

4. 4 Motion Maintenance of posture Heat production –85% of heat generated from muscles Muscle Tissue Functions

5. 5 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle organ of the muscular system - skeletal muscle tissue - nervous tissue - blood - connective tissues fascia tendons aponeuroses

6. 6 Superficial Fascia – Subcutaneous layer – Immediately deep to the skin – Stores fat, insulates, protects, provides pathway for nerves and blood vessels Connective Tissue Coverings

7. 7 Deep Fascia –Lines body walls, extremities, and holds muscles together –Splits muscles into functional groups Pectoralis major/pectoralis minor Connective Tissue Coverings

8. 8 Deep Fascia –Functions Allows free movement of muscles Fills space Carries nerve and vascular supply Sometimes provides origin for muscles Connective Tissue Coverings

9. 9 Epimysium Wraps the entire muscle bundle Perimysium Covers muscle fiber bundles (fascicles) Endomysium Covers individual fibers within the fascicles “-mysiums” may extend to become tendon

10. 10 Epimysium Covers entire muscle Muscles are bundles of fascicles Perimysium Covers individual fascicles Connective Tissue Coverings

11. 11 Fascicle Many bundles of fibers Fiber Many myofibrils Myofibril Many myofilaments Connective Tissue Coverings

12. 12 Myofilaments Smallest part of a muscle DO NOT extend entire length of muscle Fit into compartments called sarcomeres Connective Tissue Coverings

13. 13 Sarcomeres Contraction of muscles occurs here Lie end to end within myofibril Connective Tissue Coverings

14. 14 Skeletal Muscle Fibers Sarcolemma Muscle cell membrane Sarcoplasm Muscle cell cytoplasm Sarcoplasmic reticulum Muscle cell ER

15. 15 2 types of myofilaments myosin- THICK contractile protein actin- THIN contractile protein The ability for actin and myosin to change shape allows for the 2 myofilaments to be pulled (slide) over each other Sarcomere Structure

16. 16 Myofilaments form patterns in the sarcomeres “I” band consist of the disc (stationary) and actin filaments “A” band consist of myosin overlapping with the ends of the actin filaments “H” zone —is within “A” band and contains only myosin Another “I” band Sarcomere Structure

17. 17 Structures between the disc make up the sarcomere Heads or hooks on the myosin bind with actin to pull the myosin filament over the actin Tropomyosin blocks the binding site on the actin when the muscle is relaxed Sarcomere Structure

18. 18 Myofilaments Thick Filaments composed of myosin cross-bridges Thin Filaments composed of actin associated with troponin and tropomyosin

19. 19 The myofibril shortens because the myofilaments in each sarcomere slide over each other Sliding Filament Theory

20. 20 Neuromuscular Junction also known as myoneural junction site where an axon and muscle fiber meet motor neuron motor end plate synapse synaptic cleft synaptic vesicles neurotransmitters

21. 21 Motor Unit single motor neuron all muscle fibers controlled by motor neuron

22. 22 Stimulus for Contraction acetylcholine (ACh) nerve impulse causes release of ACh from synaptic vesicles ACh binds to ACh receptors on motor end plate generates a muscle impulse muscle impulse eventually reaches sarcoplasmic reticulum

23. 23 Excitation Contraction Coupling muscle impulses cause sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions into cytosol calcium binds to troponin to change its shape position of tropomyosin is altered binding sites on actin are exposed actin and myosin molecules bind

24. 24 Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction When sarcromeres shorten, thick and thin filaments slide past one another H zones and I bands narrow Z lines move closer together

25. 25 Cross-bridge Cycling myosin cross-bridge attaches to actin binding site myosin cross-bridge pulls thin filament ADP and phosphate released from myosin new ATP binds to myosin linkage between actin and myosin cross-bridge break ATP splits myosin cross-bridge goes back to original position

26. 26 Relaxation Acetylcholinesterase rapidly decomposes Ach remaining in the synapse Muscle impulse stops Stimulus to sarcolemma and muscle fiber membrane ceases Calcium moves back into sarcoplasmic reticulum Myosin and actin binding prevented Tropomyosin slides over binding sites Muscle fiber relaxes Sarcomeres return to original length

27. 27 Major Events of Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

28. 28 Energy Sources for Contraction creatine phosphate – stores energy that quickly converts ADP to ATP 1) Creatine phosphate2) Cellular respiration

29. 29 Oxygen Supply and Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Phase glycolysis Occurs in cytoplasm Produces little ATP Aerobic Phase Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain Occurs in mitochondria Produces most ATP Myoglobin Pigment that stores extra oxygen

30. 30 Oxygen Debt Oxygen not available Glycolysis continues Pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid Liver converts lactic acid to glucose Oxygen debt – amount of oxygen needed by liver cells to use the accumulated lactic acid to produce glucose

31. 31 Muscle Fatigue Inability to contract Commonly caused from decreased blood flow ion imbalances across the sarcolemma accumulation of lactic acid Cramp – sustained, involuntary muscle contraction

32. 32 Heat Production By-product of cellular respiration Muscle cells are major source of body heat Blood transports heat throughout body

33. 33 Muscular Responses Threshold Stimulus minimal strength required to cause contraction Recording a Muscle Contraction twitch Single muscle fiber response to an impulse latent period Delay between impulse and contraction period of contraction

34. 34 Period of relaxation Refractory period Time when neuron will not respond to stimulus All-or-none response Each twitch generates the same force Muscular Responses

35. 35 Length-Tension Relationship

36. 36 Summation process by which individual twitches combine produces sustained contractions can lead to tetanic contractions Lacks partial relaxation

37. 37 Recruitment of Motor Units Recruitment Increase in the number of motor units activated Whole muscle composed of many motor units More precise movements are produced with fewer muscle fibers within a motor unit Eye has fewer than 10 muscle fibers per motor unit As intensity of stimulation increases, recruitment of motor units continues until all motor units are activated

38. 38 Sustained Contractions Smaller motor units (smaller diameter axons) Recruited first Larger motor units (larger diameter axons) Recruited later Produce smooth movements Spinal cord stimulates contractions in different sets of motor units at different times Muscle tone – continuous state of partial contraction Maintains posture Completely lost with loss of consciousness

39. 39 Types of Contractions Isotonic – muscle contracts and changes length Concentric – shortening contraction Eccentric – lengthening contraction Isometric – muscle contracts but does not change length

40. 40 Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers Slow-twitch fibers (type I) Always oxidative Resistant to fatigue Red fibers Contain most myoglobin Good blood supply Back muscles Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (type IIa) white fibers (less myoglobin) poorer blood supply susceptible to fatigue Hand muscles, eye muscles Fast-twitch fatigue- resistant fibers (type IIb) intermediate fibers oxidative intermediate amount of myoglobin pink to red in color resistant to fatigue Limb muscles

41. 41 Spasm Sudden involuntary contraction of a large group of muscles Tremor Involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups Fasciculation Involuntary, brief twitch of a muscle visible under the skin Occurs irregularly and doesn’t move the affected muscle Abnormal Contractions

42. 42 Fibrillation Similar to fasciculation except it is not visible under the skin Tic Twitch made involuntarily by muscles under voluntary control Eyelids or facial muscles are examples Generally tics are of psychological origin Abnormal Contractions

43. 43 Smooth Muscle Fibers Compared to skeletal muscle fibers shorter single, centrally located nucleus elongated with tapering ends myofilaments randomly organized lack striations lack transverse tubules sarcoplasmic reticula not well developed

44. 44 Types of Smooth Muscle Visceral Smooth Muscle single-unit smooth muscle sheets of muscle fibers fibers held together by gap junctions exhibit rhythmicity exhibit peristalsis walls of most hollow organs Multiunit Smooth Muscle less organized function as separate units fibers function separately irises of eye walls of blood vessels

45. 45 Smooth Muscle Contraction Resembles skeletal muscle contraction interaction between actin and myosin both use calcium and ATP both are triggered by membrane impulses Different from skeletal muscle contraction smooth muscle lacks troponin smooth muscle uses calmodulin two neurotransmitters affect smooth muscle acetlycholine and norepinephrine hormones affect smooth muscle stretching can trigger smooth muscle contraction smooth muscle slower to contract and relax smooth muscle more resistant to fatigue smooth muscle can change length without changing tautness

46. 46 Fibers are quadrangular Single nucleus More and larger mitochondria Contain actin and myosin Fibers branched and interconnected 2 separate networks (atria and ventricles) intercalated disc separate each fiber in a network impulse stimulates the entire network, contraction of the entire network Cardiac Muscle

47. 47 atria contract—blood to the ventricle ventricles contract—blood to the arteries and through the body auto-rhythmicity—nerve impulses only increase or decrease the rhythmic contractions remains contracted 10-15 times longer extra refractory period—allows heart to rest and prevents tetanus Cardiac Muscle

48. 48 Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

49. 49 Skeletal Muscle Actions origin – immovable end insertion – movable end prime mover (agonist) – primarily responsible for movement synergists – assist prime mover antagonist – resist prime mover’s action and cause movement in the opposite direction

50. 50 Body Movement Four Basic Components of Lever 1. rigid bar – bones 2. fulcrum – point on which bar moves; joint 3. object - moved against resistance; weight 4. force – supplies energy for movement; muscles

51. 51 Levers and Movement

52. 52 Major Skeletal Muscles

53. 53 Major Skeletal Muscles

54. 54 Muscles of Facial Expression

55. 55 Muscles of Mastication

56. 56 Muscles of Facial Expression and Mastication

57. 57 Muscles That Move the Head and Vertebral Column

58. 58 Muscles That Move the Head and Vertebral Column

59. 59 Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle

60. 60 Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle

61. 61 Muscles That Move the Arm

62. 62 Muscles That Move the Arm

63. 63 Muscles That Move the Arm

64. 64 Muscles That Move the Forearm

65. 65 Muscles That Move the Forearm

66. 66 Muscles That Move the Forearm

67. 67 Cross Section of the Forearm

68. 68 Muscles That Move the Hand

69. 69 Muscles That Move the Hand

70. 70 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

71. 71 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

72. 72 Muscles of the Pelvic Outlet

73. 73 Muscles of Pelvic Outlet

74. 74 Muscles That Move the Thigh

75. 75 Muscles That Move the Thigh

76. 76 Muscles That Move the Thigh

77. 77 Muscles That Move the Leg

78. 78 Muscles That Move the Leg

79. 79 Muscles That Move the Leg

80. 80 Muscles That Move the Leg

81. 81 Muscles That Move the Foot

82. 82 Muscles That Move the Foot

83. 83 Muscles That Move the Foot

84. 84 Life-Span Changes myoglobin, ATP, and creatine phosphate decline by age 80, half of muscle mass has atrophied adipose cells and connective tissues replace muscle tissue exercise helps to maintain muscle mass and function

85. 85 Homeostatic Imbalances (Disorders) May involve –lack of nutrients, –disease, – injury, – atrophy, –neurological problem – accumulation of toxic products Clinical Application

86. 86 Fibrosis Formation of fibrous connective tissue where it normally does not exist Mature skeletal and cardiac muscle cannot undergo mitosis. Damaged fibers are replaced with fibrous connective tissue Most often the result of muscle injury or degeneration Clinical Application

87. 87 Fibromyalgia (algia=painful condition) Common non-articular rheumatic disorders pain, tenderness stiffness of muscles, tendons, and surrounding soft tissue Affects the fibrous connective tissue components of tendons and ligaments May be caused or aggravated by physical or mental stress, trauma, exposure to dampness or cold, poor sleep Relieved by heat, massage, and rest Clinical Application

88. 88 Dystrophies (disorders) –Muscle destroying diseases –degeneration of individual muscle fibers which leads to a progressive atrophy of the skeletal muscle –Skeletal muscles affected bilaterally –classified by mode of inheritance, age of onset, and clinical characteristics Clinical Application

89. 89 Clinical Application Myasthenia Gravis autoimmune disorder receptors for ACh on muscle cells are attacked weak and easily fatigued muscles result difficulty swallowing and chewing ventilator needed if respiratory muscles are affected treatments include drugs that boost ACh removing thymus gland immunosuppressant drugs antibodies

90. 90 Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (DMD) Most common form Genetic Gene identified and DNA sequence worked out (could lead to replacement therapy to prevent muscle loss Clinical Application