1. What is the Enlightenment? (also called the Neoclassical Period)

2. It begins with a rejection.... Of dogma Of superstition Of traditional religion Of factionalism Of (in some cases) monarchy Of disorder Of dogma Of superstition Of traditional religion Of factionalism Of (in some cases) monarchy Of disorder

3. The 1600s had a different ideology --one steeped in supernatural politics. Alchemy, Angelology, Demonology The Great Chain of Being Divine Right of Kings Alchemy, Angelology, Demonology The Great Chain of Being Divine Right of Kings

4. The War of the Roses…...but that led to dire political schisms when a monarch died without a clear heir....but that led to dire political schisms when a monarch died without a clear heir.

5. The Renaissance saw many countries become Protestant, shattering the fifteen- hundred-year-old spiritual monopoly of Catholicism. Renaissance Reformation!

6. Jan Hus In Eastern Europe Martin Luther in Germany Henry VIII in Britain

7. But that dreaded factionalism lead to religious wars-- some continuing off-and-on for a century. England, Germany, and Holland became Protestants allies. They fought repeatedly against Catholic France, Spain, and Italy. Later, Protestant groups turned on each other--with Anglican persecutions against Jansenists, Anabaptists, Quakers--and in America, Puritans against Quakers, etc.

8. ... And to heresy trials

9. And to ever increasing numbers of witch burnings Witch trials were actually higher in number during the Renaissance reign of King James I than in any decade of the medieval period in Britain.

10. And the Inquisition’s growth. The Inquisition received official Church sanction in 1215, but the height of its activity in Spain and France actually peaked in the 1500s and 1600s--i.e, Renaissance times.

11. Not even Galileo was safe. The church arrested Galileo For heretical ideas such as heliocentricism. Threatened with torture, he publicly recanted his science and lived his last days under permanent house arrest. Western Christian biblical references Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, and Chronicles 16:30 include text stating that "the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved." In the same tradition, Psalm 104:5 says, "[the LORD] set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved." Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that "the sun rises and the sun sets, and hurries back to where it rises.” This meant that the Idea the earth spun on its axis or revolved around the sun was incompatible with literalist readings of scripture--and many medieval and Renaissance church authorities forbade such teachings.

13. What is the Enlightenment attitude? (1) A desire for rationality, logic, consistency. (2) A rejection of emotionalism (3) A preference for evidence, not faith (4) Increased interest in science, mathematics, geometry (5) An admiration for Greece and Rome and an abhorrence for everything medieval. (6) A preference for the artificial over the natural, technology over wilderness. (1) A desire for rationality, logic, consistency. (2) A rejection of emotionalism (3) A preference for evidence, not faith (4) Increased interest in science, mathematics, geometry (5) An admiration for Greece and Rome and an abhorrence for everything medieval. (6) A preference for the artificial over the natural, technology over wilderness. That change was the Enlightenment…

14. What is the Enlightenment aesthetically? (1)A desire for geometric shapes, orderly repetition in mathematical patterns. (2) A disdain of “messiness” and “chaos” in art and clothing and hairstyles as being unharmonious. (3) Greco-Roman architecture (1)A desire for geometric shapes, orderly repetition in mathematical patterns. (2) A disdain of “messiness” and “chaos” in art and clothing and hairstyles as being unharmonious. (3) Greco-Roman architecture

15. Here, the “messiness” of the natural world must bow before pure geometry. In such a garden, the chaos of nature is tamed to match the orderly design of human intellect.

16. Straight lines, 90 degree corners, the stuff to warm the heart of an Enlightenment thinker. Thus, hedge-- mazes appear across Europe.

17. Enlightenment conception of nature Nature = circle of revolutions which were always the same In contrast, the succession of human reason was deemed as ceaselessly giving rise to new ideas, products, and services that could not be restricted by nature’s rules or boundaries. Statements from Smith’s major work, The Wealth of Nations (1776), such as “laissez-faire,” “the invisible hand,” to “truck, barter, and trade,” serve today to legitimate the idea that unrelenting pursuit of self-interest is desirable at any cost, and that the resulting environmental degradation is usually a justified aim (Bowers, 2006). Nature = circle of revolutions which were always the same In contrast, the succession of human reason was deemed as ceaselessly giving rise to new ideas, products, and services that could not be restricted by nature’s rules or boundaries. Statements from Smith’s major work, The Wealth of Nations (1776), such as “laissez-faire,” “the invisible hand,” to “truck, barter, and trade,” serve today to legitimate the idea that unrelenting pursuit of self-interest is desirable at any cost, and that the resulting environmental degradation is usually a justified aim (Bowers, 2006).

18. Hurricane Sandy Hurricane Sandy caused $20 billion in damage (in 2012 dollars), The Great Miami Hurricane of 1926 tops the list (according to estimates by the catastrophe-insurance provider ICAT), as it would cause $180 billion in damage if it were to strike today. Hurricane Katrina ranks fourth at $85 billion. Hurricane Sandy caused $20 billion in damage (in 2012 dollars), The Great Miami Hurricane of 1926 tops the list (according to estimates by the catastrophe-insurance provider ICAT), as it would cause $180 billion in damage if it were to strike today. Hurricane Katrina ranks fourth at $85 billion.

19. The last Category 3 or stronger hurricane to make landfall was Wilma in 2005. The more than seven years since then is the longest such span in over a century.

20. Historic tornado damage (adjusted for changing levels of development) has decreased since 1950, paralleling a dramatic reduction in casualties.

21. Climate Change? Increased precipitation on US Eastern Seaboard: unusually warm currents off the North American East Coast Home Owners Insurance rates going up Too much development on seashore Gov. Andrew Cuomo declared: "I think at this point it is undeniable but that we have a higher frequency of these extreme weather situations and we're going to have to deal with it." Increased precipitation on US Eastern Seaboard: unusually warm currents off the North American East Coast Home Owners Insurance rates going up Too much development on seashore Gov. Andrew Cuomo declared: "I think at this point it is undeniable but that we have a higher frequency of these extreme weather situations and we're going to have to deal with it."

22. Crisis Maps http://google.org/crisismap/2012- sandy http://google.org/crisismap/2012- sandy http://google.org/crisismap/2012- sandy http://google.org/crisismap/2012- sandy